A Study on the Relations between the Concepts of Reason in the Western Philosophy and Scientific Rationality

这项研究的目的是澄清科学理性的意义和限度，据说科学理性在当今已经失去了公众的信任。通过考察近代科学和西方哲学自古以来科学理性的起源和本质，探寻西方哲学中的理性概念与科学理性的关系，试图从一开始就对西方哲学各个时代的理性和理性概念有一个清晰的把握。除此之外，我们还考虑了现代科学理性在这些日子里应该如何呈现。为本项目报告撰写的论文就是这些思考的成果。KOBAYASHI教授在数学、自然科学(特别是物理学)和人文科学(社会科学)的背景下讨论了科学理性的特征和局限性。汉达教授批评了马克斯·舍勒对“技术智能”的批评。希奥德教授比较了爱奥尼亚自然哲学家和巴门尼德的理性主义世界观。NAKASAI教授在《人性论》中对大卫·休谟的《关于理性的怀疑论》提出了质疑。Mino教授批评了托马斯·内格尔关于“道德运气”的论断。Kawazoe教授比较了中世纪神学家理解哲学本质的两种理性。Tsuchiya教授讨论了在一个早产儿的生命伦理学案例中，理性在证明两个不相容的伦理判断的合理性方面的作用。

The aim of this study was to clarify both the significance and the limit of scientific rationality, which is said to have lost reliance from the public in these days. We have searched the relations between the concepts of reason in the western philosophy and scientific rationality, by investigating the origin and the essence of the modern science and scientific rationality in the western philosophy from the ancient to the modern times.From the beginning of this study we have tried to grasp clearly the concepts of reason and rationality in each times of the western philosophy. In addition to do that, we considered how modern scientific rationality should be presented in these days. The papers written for the report of this project are the fruits of these considerations.Prof.KOBAYASHI discusses the characteristics and the limitations of scientific rationality in the context of mathematics, natural sciences (especially physics), and human sciences (social sciences). Prof.HANDA criticizes Max Scheler's criticism of "technological intelligence." Prof.SHIODE compares rationalistic world views of the Ionian natural philosophers and of Parmenides. Prof.NAKASAI inquires in David Humes "Of scepticism with regard to reason" in A Treatise of Human Nature. Prof.MINO criticizes Thomas Nagel's thesis on "moral luck." Prof.KAWAZOE compares two kinds of rationality appeared in the medieval theologians' ways of understanding the essence of philosophy. Prof.TSUCHIYA discusses the role of rationality in justifying two incompatible ethical judgments in a bioethical case of a premature baby.