The Japanese political contact with the Guangxu Reform in China.

本文主要探讨盛宣怀在甲午战争后光绪改革下复杂的政治变迁中的作用。人们普遍认为，政治改革运动是由于慈禧太后的拒绝而失败的，她在义和团起义后改变了保守的政策，同意对外国列强采取强硬立场。一般的看法是基于这样一种错误的认识，即认为在戊戌“百日”之后的两年里，没有进行任何机构改革。晚清政治改革是从军事现代化开始的，而军事现代化是被日本打败的。1895年的法令要求重新调整关税，这是中央政府财政重建的最重要政策。为了改变关税税率，增加税收，1899年秋开始了修改商业条约（天津条约，1858年）的外交谈判。随后，义和团运动在华北爆发，盛宣怀积极参与外交交涉，以维护阳祖及东南沿海地区的安全。这些谈判为1901年的国际议定书和修订关税税率的《麦凯条约》做好了准备。传统的理解是，光绪改革是在1901年突然启动的，但本文的分析表明，盛宣怀与王闻韶（*）有过接触，他对光绪政治改革方案的提出是经过深思熟虑的。特别值得注意的是，盛宣怀1900年12月30日致王闻韶的电报，比光绪政治改革诏书早一个月使用了“制定改革方案”这一专用词，成为1901年以后光绪政治改革的关键词。本文认为盛宣怀提出设立商政。

This paper focuses on the role of Sheng Xuanhuai *** in the complex political changes under the Guang Xu (**) Political Reform after the Sino-Japanese War in 1895. It is popularly understood that the Political Reform movement was broken down by the refusal of Empresses Dowager, who after the Boxer Uprising changed its conservative policy and agreed to take an unyieding stand against the foreign powers. The general view is based on the mistaken idea that there was no effort made at institutional reform during the two years following the "Hundred Days" of 1898.Political reform during the late Qing period began with a plan to modernize its military forces, which had been defeated by Japan. The edict of 1895, which required the reconstitution of tariffs, was the most important policy for the fiscal reconstruction of the central government. In order to change the tariff rate and increase revenue, diplomatic negotiations to revise the commercial treaty (Treaty of Tientsin, 1858) were begun in the fall of 1899. Then, as the Boxer Uprising broke out in North China, Sheng Xuanhuai took a part in diplomatic negotiations to maintain safety in Yangzu and South-east coast of China. These negotiations prepared the international protocol of 1901 and the Mackay Treaty, which revised tariff rates. It is the conventional understanding that the Guang Xu Political Reform was suddenly started in 1901 ; however, the analysis in this paper shows that Sheng Xuanhuai, who had contacted Wang Wenshao (***) , carefully presented the plan of Political Reform. Especially, it attracts our attention that Sheng Xuanhuai's telegram letter (30th Dec, 1900) to Wang Wenshao used the special term composing reform plans' one month earlier than the edict of Guang Xu Pplitical Reform, and became a key term of the Guang Xu Political Reform from 1901. The author shows that Sheng Xuanhuai proposed the establishment of an administrator for commerce.