Transformation of Independent and Dependent Life Forms, Kinship Relationships and Ethnicity in a Middle-sized Town and the Surrounding Area in American Midwest.

这个研究项目是更大的人类学项目的一部分，该项目旨在了解在整个生命过程中塑造重要生命的方式以及老龄化社会中潜在的文化体系。该项目主要基于美国人口普查原始手稿（年份：1850年、1860年、1870年、1880年、1900年、1910年），并考虑到当地的历史变化、种族和性别关系，以河滨城为例，研究了一个中等规模的城镇及其周边地区的独立和关怀问题。首先，我们关注了家庭迁移模式与护理实践之间的关系。波兰裔美国人在镇上的时间比东部各州的人长，但他们经常在社区内移动。他们婚后拥有了自己的房子，表现出了独立性，但他们住在同一个社区，与父母保持着密切的关系。其次，通过对7个1900年原址和1910年迁址可追溯的家庭案例进行分析，找出家庭发展周期、老年化、经济原因等影响迁址的因素。我们还利用当地历史学家编纂的墓地记录，试图找到从文字史料中难以了解的女性的移动模式，并从他们经常埋葬在同一个地方的证据中发现了曾经出嫁的女儿和她的父母之间的亲密关系。在上一个项目年度，我们确定了出现在多个人口普查中的家庭，并制作了图表来可视化家庭变化。从图表中，我们发现我们应该通过观察自助和同代关系来研究独立和关心的问题。家庭图的编制是本研究项目的重要成果。编制的图表将用于其他研究项目。我们将把它与我们在这个项目中获得的其他材料一起用于未来的调查。

This research project is part of larger anthropological project to understand ways of shaping significant lives throughout the life course and the underlying cultural system in aging society. This project examines a specific problem of independence and caring from a case of Riverfront City, a middle-sized town and the surrounding area based primarily upon US Census original manuscripts (years : 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910) with consideration of local historical changes, ethnicity, and gender relationships. First, we focused on the relationship between family moving patterns and caring practice. Polish Americans stayed in town longer than people from eastern states but often moves within the community. They showed independence by becoming owner of new house after marriage but kept close to their parents by living in the same community. Secondly, we analyzed seven family cases where we could trace the original address in 1900 and the moved address in 1910, and found factors of moving such as family developmental cycle, becoming older age, financial reason co-living with other elderly. We also tried to find the women's moving pattern that is difficult to know from written historical materials by using the cemetery record compiled by a local historian, and found the intimate relationship between once-married-out daughter and her parents from evidence that they were often buried in the same place. In the last project year, we identified families that appeared in more than one census and made charts to visualize family changes. From the charts, we found that we should examine the problem of independence and caring by looking at self-help and the same generational relationship. The compilation of family charts is a significant achievement of this research project. The compiled charts will be used with other research project. We will use it with other materials we obtained in this project for the future investigation.