the Hybridization of the German production model and the Japanese production model

第一次石油危机后发展起来的德国生产模式是以德国双重职业培训制度提供的灵活技术和熟练工人（Facharbeiter）为两大支柱。其目的是开发“智能”柔性生产系统，利用这两种优势，生产多样化的优质产品。这种智能工作结构以任务集成和生产工作升级为特征，旨在实现工作的人性化和生产效率的提高。但是自从沃马克等人的书出版以来，德国汽车制造商正在广泛试验或建立小组或团队工作，遵循日本导向的“精益生产”或“移植”概念。通过本研究，我发现了以下几点：1）德国汽车制造商确实学习了日本导向的“精益生产”或“移植”概念，并引入了这些概念。然而这些制造商并没有模仿，而是加入了生产的原始创新，特别是模块化概念和平台战略，并在降低成本和提高生产率方面取得了丰硕的成果。2）在德国汽车制造商中，关于小组工作的性质和价值存在争议。本研究发现了两种类型的团队工作，即结构创新的（或自组织的）团队工作和结构保守的（或标准化的）团队工作。在90年代。与前者相比，管理者对后者的同情增加了。2本研究考察了90年代德国汽车制造业的合理化趋势。但这一研究未能充分考察日本汽车制造业在20世纪90年代的合理化趋势

The German production model which developed after the first oil crisis was based on two pillars of flexible technology and skilled workers (Facharbeiter) provided by the German dual system of vocational training. The aim was to develop the "intelligent" flexible production system, which made use of these two strengths and allowed the production of diversified quality products. This intelligent working structure could be characterized by task integration and an up-grading of production work and aimed for the humanization of work and the rising of productive efficiency. But since the issue of the book by Womack et.al., the German car manufactures are now testing or instituting group or team work extensively, following the Japan-oriented "lean production" or "transplant" concepts.Through this study, I have revealed the following points.1) Certainly the German car manufactures have learned the the Japan-oriented "lean production" or "transplant" concepts, have introduced these concepts. However these manufactures have not imitated, but added the original innovation of production, particularly Modular concept and platform strategy and have borne the fruitful result in terms of cost reduction and the improvement of productivity.2) There is under debate in the German auto manufactures about the character and value of group work. This study have identified two types of group work (or team work), i.e. structurally innovative (or self-organized) group work and structurally conservative group (or the "standardized" work group). In l990s. rather for the latter than for the former the sympathy have increased among the manager.This study have examined these trends of rationalization in the German car manufactures in l990s. But this study could not sufficiently examined the trends of rationalization in Japanese car manufactures in 1990s