STUDY ON CHINESE RURAL PEOPLES CONMMUNE --THE PROCESS OF ITS FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT, COLLAPSE--

通过对中国农村人民公社化历史进程的系统研究，笔者得到以下认识：1.人民公社制度是由“备战制度”和“社会主义向共产主义过渡的类型”构成的“战时公社制度”。建立在“独立复建、独立经营”基础上的“系统的地方经济领域”与经济理论不一致。通过对人民公社的组织管理和再生产结构的分析考察，明确了人民公社垮台的必然性。人民公社解体后，农业由公社化转向了家庭承包经营，“社当其业”转向了“乡真其业”。中国农业和农村工业的特点是：地方公社成为土地和工业资产的共同所有者，私人承包经营者，村委会成为一个人的集体所有者，农村工业的集体所有者成为农民的集体所有者，农村工业的集体所有者成为农民的集体所有者，农村工业的集体所有者成为农民的集体所有者，农村工业的集体所有者成为农民的集体所有者。 关于我们 在共同资产的基础上建立地方社区。因此，村委会和地方官僚的管理权力仍然很强，私人从社区中独立出来的能力受到限制，经营权和所有权没有分离，企业很难成为纯粹的企业家。农户家庭承包经营制度具有过渡性模糊的特点，其经营权难以确立，土地经营难以稳定，因此土地使用权入股流转开始被引入，其过程中最关键的一点是土地使用权流转的范围是否限定在拥有共有土地的村庄.同样的问题是股份合作公司的股票流通权在农村是否受该公司的限制.人民公社垮台后，开始组织村民自治制度。但由于土地公有制和乡镇企业的存在，村民自治具有封闭性和社区性，发展民主地方自治的可能性很小。少

I have got following knowledges by my systematic study on the historical process of Rural Peoples-Commune in China.1. The system of Peoples-Commune was "a system of wartime cmmunism" constructed by "a system of preparation for war" and "a transitoinal type from socialism to communism"."The sphere of systematic local economy" on the basis of "independently rehabilitation and untirely inustry" had not consistency with economic theory. I cleared the necessity of its fall of Peoples-Commune by my analitical examination on the oganization and management, structre of reproduction of Peoples-Commune.2. After the fall of Peoples-Commune farming had moved to manage contracting system by farmers family and "She due qi ye(****)" has moved to "Xiang zhen qi ye(****)".The Chinese charakteristic features of farming and rural industry are local community has been common ownershp of land and industrial asset, and private people have been contracting managers of them, villagers committee has been a man … More ager of local community on the basis of common assets. So the reguration power of villagers committee and local bureaucrat are still strong, the independence of a private person from community has been limited , the management and ownereshp has'nt separated, enterprises are hard to be pure business entitles.3. Manage contracting system by farmers family has a transitioal obscure features and its management right is hard to establish, land management is hard to be stable.So conversion of the land use right to share holdig began to be introduced, the most critical point of its process is whether the sphare of circulation of land use right is limited in the village owing common land or not.4. The same problem is the sphare of circulation of stocks of stock coopertive company is limitted in the village owing that company or not.5. After the fall of Peoples-Commune, it began to organise the system of villagers self-government. But because of commom ownership land and rural enterprises, villagers self-government is closing and communitikal, and the possibility for the glowth to democratical local self-government is small. Less