Epidemiological, immunological and molecular biological study on three groups of human caliciviruses

1999年ICTV将动物和人类中的杯状病毒分为四个属。在人类中，批准了以诺瓦克病毒（NV）为代表的“诺瓦克样病毒”属和以札幌病毒（SV）为代表的“札幌样病毒”属。从日本和肯尼亚急性胃肠炎儿童中获得的经EM检测为小圆结构病毒阳性的粪便样本，通过抗原ELISA检测诺瓦克病毒/68、墨西哥病毒和札幌病毒/82。只有少数样品呈阳性的NV和SV，而血清流行病学数据表明，NV和SV感染是常见的，在这些地区以及在东南亚国家。RT-PCR和PCR产物测序等分子生物学技术的应用，提高了NV和SV的检出率。利用这些新技术对1976年至1995年在日本札幌的一个婴儿之家发生的36起非细菌性胃肠炎暴发进行分析，结果表明，诺瓦克病毒和札幌病毒是1976年至1995年在日本札幌的婴儿病毒性胃肠炎暴发的最常见原因，并且比RV-A流行。采用RT-PCR方法对芬兰2个月至2岁的前瞻性随访儿童进行了急性散发性胃肠炎的病因学研究。杯状病毒（NV和SV）与轮状病毒同样常见，均在29%的病例中检出。NV占所有病例的20%，SV占9%。

Caliciviruses in animals and in humans are now classified in four Genera by ICTV in 1999. In humans, the Genus "Norwalk-like viruses" represented by Norwalk virus (NV) and the Genus "Sapporo-like viruses" represented by Sapporo virus (SV) are approved. Stool samples positive for small round structured virus by EM obtained from children with acute gastroenteritis in Japan and in Kenya were tested by antigen ELISAs for Norwalk virus/68, Mexico virus and Sapporo virus/82. Only a few samples were positive for NV and SV while the seroepidemiological data suggest that NV and SV infections are common in those areas as well as in Southeast Asian countries. The application of molecular techniques such as RT-PCR and sequencing of the PCR products has been improving the detection rate of NV and SV. Analysis of 36 outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis that occurred from 1976 to 1995 in Sapporo, Japan in an infant home by these new techniques indicated that Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus were the most common cause of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in infants, and more prevalent than RV-A, in Sapporo, Japan from 1976 to 1995. Etiological studies of acute sporadic gastroenteritis in prospectively followed children between 2 months and 2 years of age in Finland have been conducted by RT-PCR. Calicivirus (NV and SV) were equally common as rotaviruses, both being detected in 29% of the cases. NV accounted for a 20% etiologic share of all cases and SV were detected in 9% of the cases.