The Semantics of "esse" in the late medieval philosophy

本项目试图从当代分析本体论、现象学本体论和认知语义学的新视角重新审视西方中世纪哲学传统中“esse”的意义。加藤正人分析了相关的中世纪文献和各种现代研究，并在与一些日本和海外学者的讨论中深化了他的思想，得出了以下结论。西方中世纪哲学中的传统本体论，在20世纪“语言转向”之后，应该在新的哲学语境中重新审视。这是从20世纪60年代p.t.g ach和a.k enney的开创性作品开始的。他们的著作对许多现代学者产生了很大的影响，其中最重要的是T.Veres和H.Weidemann。加藤的《托马斯·阿奎那论存在的语义学》对此进行了反驳，认为阿奎那的基本语义学观点来源于“esse dupliciter dicitur”这一提法中存在的二分法，即存在的两个语义维度：有意义（significatum）和有意义（res significata）。他的《根特的亨利认为存在的语义学》也清楚地表明，根特的亨利认为存在的核心意义，与阿奎那不同，是本质的存在，而不是存在的存在。山本郁夫从现代哲学的角度对存在的区别和统一以及虚无问题进行了研究，认为现代哲学中的存在问题应该发展为人与他者的区别和统一，而不是传统的“存在体”与“本质”的区别。他明确了从现代角度重新思考这一传统问题的必要性。林竹文从认知心理学的角度对感知在对物体的把握中的作用进行了实验研究。

This project is an attempt to re-examine the meaning of "esse" in Western medieval philosophical tradition from such a new viewpoint as one of the contemporary analytical ontology, the phenomenological ontology, and the cognitive semantics.Masato Kato, having analyzed relevant medieval texts and various modern studies and thus deepened his idea in discussion with some Japanese and overseas scholars, arrived at the following conclusion. The traditional ontology in the Western medieval philosophy should be re-examined in the new philosophical context after the "linguistic turn" in the 20^<th> century. This was begun by the pioneering works by P.T.Geach and A.Kenny in the 1960s. Their works have had great influences on many modern scholars, of whom T.Veres and H.Weidemann are two most important ones. Kato's "Thomas Aquinas on the Semantics of Being" argues against them and concluded that the fundamental semantic view of Aquinas is derived from the dichotomy of being found in the formulation "esse dupliciter dicitur", that is, the two semantic dimensions of being: significatum and res significata. Also his "Semantics of Being according to Henry of Ghent" made clear the fact that the focal meaning of being according to Henry of Ghent is, unlike Aquinas, the essential being rather than the existential being.Ikuo Yamamoto, having made a study on the distinction and unity of being and the problem of nothingness from the viewpoint of modern philosophy, came to the conclusion that the problem of being in modern philosophy should be developed as the distinction and unity between human being and other being against the traditional distinction "existentia" and "essentia". And he made clear the necessity to rethink about this traditional problem from the modern viewpoint.Takefumi Hayashi made an experimental research on the function of perception in the grasp of physical object from a viewpoint of cognitive psychology.