Medieval Philosophy of Language and Logic : its Origin and Development

1. 关于西方中世纪语言和逻辑哲学的起源，我们首先考察了毕达哥拉斯学派的数学和几何传统，巴门尼德学派的逻辑观点，以及亚里士多德的逻辑传统；其次，分析了自然现象背后的逻各斯传统；第三，借鉴中世纪的逻辑切入斯多葛逻辑的角色，并找出斯多葛逻辑与圣奥古斯丁的语言理论之间的一些重要关系。此外，我们还发现了基督教话语理论的重要作用，它是中世纪创世之前上帝的事物观念理论的背后，它可以作为话语的执行力理论的基础，也可以作为话语在交流中的活动理论的基础。关于中世纪语言哲学的发展，我们首先考察了加洛林王朝时期学校教育的开端，在这个时期，语言理论可以看出是在努力使语法理论和辩证法理论相一致；其次是11世纪晚期和12世纪的发展，这与巴黎各学派之间的政治故事密切相关。我们还发现，在基督教的上帝说话思想的基础上，话语作为概念实体而不仅仅是声音实体的观念被带入了辩证法。在神学和形而上学的领域中，关于逻辑和语言的理论，人们还发现了许多其他的观点。对透视主义和反透视主义的历史，或对象征的研究已经完成，通过这些研究，我们能够越过语言哲学和逻辑哲学所属领域的范围。

1. As to the origin of western medieval philosophy of language and logic, we have investigated, first, the mathematical and geometrical tradition originated from Pytagoreans, and logical point of view founded by Parmenides, as well as the tradition of Aristotelian logic ; secondly, the tradition of the logos that lies behind the phenomena of nature, and thirdly into the role of Stoic logic with reference to the medieval logic, and found out some significant relationships between stoic logic and St. Augustin's theory of language. Moreover, we have found out an important role of christian theory of words, which is behind the medieval theory of ideas of things in God before the creation, and which can be the basis for the theory of performative force of words, or the activity of words in communication as well.2. As to the development of the medieval philosophy of language, we have investigated, first, the beginning of the school education at Carolingian period, where the theory of language can be seen in the effort of making consistency between the theory of grammar and that of dialectic ; secondly, the development in late 11th and 12th centuries, which was deeply connected with the political stories between the schools of Paris. We also found out that the idea of words as conceptual entities, not only vocal ones, is brought into the dialectic on the basis of christian thought of God's speaking. Many other points have been found out concerning the theory of logic and language working in the field of theology and metaphysics.3. Investigations into the history of perspectivism and anti-perspectivism, or into the books of emblems have been done, by which we have become able to look over the range of the field that the philosophy of language and logic belongs to.