Medieval Philosophy of Language and Logic : its Origin and Development

1.关于西方中世纪语言和逻辑哲学的起源，我们首先考察了源于毕达哥拉斯的数学和几何传统，以及巴门尼德创立的逻辑观点和亚里士多德逻辑的传统，其次考察了自然现象背后的理性传统，并参照中世纪逻辑探讨了斯多葛逻辑的作用，发现了斯多葛逻辑与圣奥古斯丁语言理论之间的一些重要联系。此外，我们还发现了基督教话语理论的重要作用，它是中世纪创世前上帝的事物观念理论的幕后推手，它可以成为话语执行力理论的基础，也可以成为话语在交际中的能动性理论的基础。关于中世纪语言哲学的发展，我们首先考察了加洛林时期学校教育的开始，语言理论在努力使语法理论和辩证法理论保持一致的过程中可以看到；其次，11世纪末和12世纪末的发展，这与巴黎学派之间的政治故事有很深的联系。我们还发现，词是概念实体的观念，而不仅仅是声音实体的观念，是在基督教关于上帝说话的思想的基础上被纳入辩证法的。关于神学和形而上学领域中工作的逻辑和语言理论，还发现了许多其他观点。我们对透视主义和反透视主义的历史进行了考察，或对符号学的著作进行了考察，从而使我们能够审视语言和逻辑哲学所属的领域。

1. As to the origin of western medieval philosophy of language and logic, we have investigated, first, the mathematical and geometrical tradition originated from Pytagoreans, and logical point of view founded by Parmenides, as well as the tradition of Aristotelian logic ; secondly, the tradition of the logos that lies behind the phenomena of nature, and thirdly into the role of Stoic logic with reference to the medieval logic, and found out some significant relationships between stoic logic and St. Augustin's theory of language. Moreover, we have found out an important role of christian theory of words, which is behind the medieval theory of ideas of things in God before the creation, and which can be the basis for the theory of performative force of words, or the activity of words in communication as well.2. As to the development of the medieval philosophy of language, we have investigated, first, the beginning of the school education at Carolingian period, where the theory of language can be seen in the effort of making consistency between the theory of grammar and that of dialectic ; secondly, the development in late 11th and 12th centuries, which was deeply connected with the political stories between the schools of Paris. We also found out that the idea of words as conceptual entities, not only vocal ones, is brought into the dialectic on the basis of christian thought of God's speaking. Many other points have been found out concerning the theory of logic and language working in the field of theology and metaphysics.3. Investigations into the history of perspectivism and anti-perspectivism, or into the books of emblems have been done, by which we have become able to look over the range of the field that the philosophy of language and logic belongs to.