Medieval Philosophy of Language and Logic : its Origin and Development

1.关于西方中世纪语言哲学和逻辑哲学的起源，我们首先考察了起源于毕达哥拉斯学派的数学和几何传统，巴门尼德创立的逻辑观点，以及亚里士多德的逻辑传统;第二，自然现象背后的逻各斯传统，第三，斯多葛逻辑相对于中世纪逻辑的作用，发现斯多葛逻辑与圣奥古斯丁语言理论之间的一些重要联系。此外，我们还发现了基督教的话语理论的重要作用，它是中世纪创世前上帝的观念理论的背后，它可以成为话语的施为力理论的基础，也可以成为话语在交流中的活动的基础。关于中世纪语言哲学的发展，我们首先考察了在法国的学校教育的开端，在那里，语言理论可以被看作是在语法理论和辩证法理论之间取得一致的努力;其次，在11世纪末和12世纪的发展，这与巴黎学校之间的政治故事有着深刻的联系。我们还发现，作为概念实体的词的想法，而不仅仅是声音的，被纳入辩证法的基础上，基督教思想的上帝的发言。许多其他点已经发现了关于理论的逻辑和语言的工作领域的神学和形而上学。3.人们已经对透视主义和反透视主义的历史进行了研究，或者对实证主义的著作进行了研究，通过这些研究，我们已经能够审视语言哲学和逻辑哲学所属的领域范围。

1. As to the origin of western medieval philosophy of language and logic, we have investigated, first, the mathematical and geometrical tradition originated from Pytagoreans, and logical point of view founded by Parmenides, as well as the tradition of Aristotelian logic ; secondly, the tradition of the logos that lies behind the phenomena of nature, and thirdly into the role of Stoic logic with reference to the medieval logic, and found out some significant relationships between stoic logic and St. Augustin's theory of language. Moreover, we have found out an important role of christian theory of words, which is behind the medieval theory of ideas of things in God before the creation, and which can be the basis for the theory of performative force of words, or the activity of words in communication as well.2. As to the development of the medieval philosophy of language, we have investigated, first, the beginning of the school education at Carolingian period, where the theory of language can be seen in the effort of making consistency between the theory of grammar and that of dialectic ; secondly, the development in late 11th and 12th centuries, which was deeply connected with the political stories between the schools of Paris. We also found out that the idea of words as conceptual entities, not only vocal ones, is brought into the dialectic on the basis of christian thought of God's speaking. Many other points have been found out concerning the theory of logic and language working in the field of theology and metaphysics.3. Investigations into the history of perspectivism and anti-perspectivism, or into the books of emblems have been done, by which we have become able to look over the range of the field that the philosophy of language and logic belongs to.