Psychophysiological study on attention mechanism and its trainability for athletes

本研究旨在探讨运动员在竞技情境下的注意机制及其可训练性。本文首先利用认知风格测验（CST）对不同类型运动员注意机制引发的认知风格进行了研究。结果表明，注意力持续时间较短的运动员。CST将田径和游泳项目与宽注意广度的运动员比较，归类为领域无关的认知风格。网球、篮球或足球，取决于运动员的年龄。本研究的第二个目的是探讨注意机制与情绪，特别是运动焦虑，感知任务难度和对手之间的关系。低特质焦虑的运动员即使在相对困难的任务条件下也表现出稳定和高的表现。结果表明，注意机制受情绪因素的控制。第三个实验从心理生理学的角度，利用脑电图研究了音乐对持续注意的影响。结果表明，脑额叶侧性系数与浓度呈正相关。最后，采用心率（HR）生物反馈训练增强自主神经活动知觉，并确定注意能力训练的有益促进程序。经过3个月的生物反馈训练，受试者获得放松反应和持续注意能力。这些研究结果表明，生物反馈训练获得了对竞争情境要求触发注意机制的能力。

The purpose of this study was to examine the attention mechanism and its trainability in competitive situation for athletes to achieve the high performance. At first cognitive style triggered by the attention mechanism for various sports players was investigated by utilizing the Cognitive Style Test (CST). The results showed that athletes who had narrrow attention span. track and field or swimming were categorized as field-independent cognitive style by CST in comparison with the athletes who had width attention span. tennis, basketball, or soccer, depending with the years as a plaryer. The second purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between attention mechanism and emotion, especially athletic anxiety, with perceived task difficulty and opponents. Athletes with low trait anxiety showed their consistent and high performance even in the relatively difficult task conditions. This result suggested that attention mechanism was controlled by the emotional factors. In the third experiments, effectiveness of music on sustained attention was investigated from psychophysiological standpoints by using electroencephalogram (EEG). The result showed that laterality coefficients of EEG in the frontal area was associated with concentration. In the last experiment, heart rate (HR) biofeedback training was employed to enhance the perception of autonomic nervous activity and to identify the useful facilitating procedure for training in attention ability. After 3 months biofeedback training, subjects acquired the relaxation response and sustainable attention ability. The results of these studies showed that the ability to trigger the attention mechanism on the requirements of the competitive situation was acquired by biofeedback training.