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Historical Geography among the San in the British Colonial Era

英国殖民时期桑人的历史地理学

基本信息

批准号：
11680086
负责人：
IKEYA Kazunobu
金额：
$ 1.22万
依托单位：
National Museum of Ethnology
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1999
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1999 至 2000
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-11680086/
关键词：
San Hunter-gatherer Skin trade Goat breeding Colony Bechuanaland 世界システムカラハリ社会変化

项目摘要

My report presents an account of the historical change in the various socioeconomic relationship between the nomadic San and the rural Kgalagadi in the colonial time. My survey results show that the relationship are not limited to goat-raising but also include the sharing of wild and cultivated watermelons and the trading of wild animal skins.The following points were clarified :1. Various complex relationships between the San and the KgalagadiThe loan-goat system like the loan-cattle called "mafisa" was continuously maintained between the San and the Kgalagadi. Wild watermelons were shared between the San and Kgalagadi in times of abundance, and the San received cultivated watermelons from Kgalagadi when ther was a good harvest. The San also continued to trade wild animal skins for products from Kgalagadi.Thus, the relationship between San and Kgalagadi can not be defined simply as patron-client-type or master-serf-type relationships. Rather, they changed according to the types of activities pursued by the San and Kgalagadi, which depended on the amount of rainfall.2. Historical changes in the relationship between San and KgalagadiThat fact that most of the place names in the Reserve are derived from San indicated that San were the first settlers in the Reserve and that relationship between tha San and Kgalagadi were later formed when Kgalagadi migrated to the Reserve.From the late nineteenth century until 1930, a Kgalagadi headman ruled over a large area of the Reserve around Xade. When he died, his children and those who worked for him moved to various parts of the Reserve. These movements correspond to the six bands of distribution of the San in the Reserve reported by Silberbauer. Tanaka's survey in 1971 revealed that there were also some II Gana living in Xade., who were thought to have moved to Xade from Kumuchuru.

我的报告叙述了殖民时期游牧的桑人和农村的卡拉加迪人之间各种社会经济关系的历史性变化。我的调查结果表明，这种关系不仅限于山羊饲养，还包括野生西瓜和栽培西瓜的分享以及野生兽皮的交易。澄清了以下几点：1.桑人和卡加拉加迪人之间各种复杂的关系桑人和卡加拉加迪人之间一直保持着像借牛这样的借羊制度。桑人和卡拉加迪人在丰收的时候分享野生西瓜，当收获丰收时，桑人从卡拉加迪那里得到栽培的西瓜。桑人还继续用野生兽皮换取卡拉加迪的产品，因此，桑人和卡拉加迪之间的关系不能简单地定义为赞助人-客户型或主人-农奴型关系。相反，它们根据桑人和卡拉加迪人从事的活动类型而变化，这取决于降雨量。桑人和卡拉加迪关系的历史变迁事实上，保护区中的大部分地名都来自桑人，这表明桑人是保护区的第一批定居者，他和卡拉加迪之间的关系后来在卡拉加迪迁徙到保护区时形成。从19世纪末到1930年，卡拉加迪的首领统治着塞德周围的一大片保护区。当他去世后，他的孩子和那些为他工作的人搬到了保护区的各个地方。这些运动与Silberbauer报告的保护区内桑人的六个分布带相对应。田中在1971年的调查显示，也有一些II Gana人生活在Xade.，他们被认为是从Kumuchuru搬到Xade的。