Experimental Research on Human Visual Information Processing

(研究一)两个实验考察了运动和双眼视差是否影响亮度诱导，以及运动和双眼视差(如果有)的影响是否相互作用。为了引入运动，使用纹理背景作为感应场。结果表明，运动和/或交叉视差降低了亮度诱导，而非交叉视差增加了亮度诱导。运动效应和视差效应是相互独立和相加的，这表明，在亮度感应反映物体分割的程度上，运动和双目视差独立地起到将物体从其背景中分割出来的作用。交叉视差和非交叉视差的差异可以用我们所说的“虚幻透明度”来解释。(研究2)三个实验研究了颜色在视觉长期记忆中的作用。实验一表明，彩色图像的视觉识别记忆略好于黑白图像。然而，受试者在学习时对每一张图像是彩色还是黑白的记忆并不是很有把握。实验2考察了颜色是否与存储在记忆中的图像中的特定空间位置有关。为了在不改变图像本身的情况下改变颜色的空间位置，在测试时，一半的刺激被左右颠倒。结果表明，左右颠倒减少了彩色图像的再认记忆，但对黑白图像没有影响。然而，只有男性受试者表现出这种效果。彩色图像的左右颠倒对女性受试者的记忆影响很小。为了确定这种性别差异是否源于记忆策略的差异，实验3采用了附带学习程序。结果重复了实验2的结果，表明性别差异是由男性和女性视觉记忆系统的固有差异造成的。

(Research 1) Two experiments investigated whether motion and binocular disparity influence brightness induction, and whether the effects of motion and binocular disparity, if any, interact with each other. In order to introduce motion, textured backgrounds were used as the inducing field. The results showed that motion and/or crossed disparity reduces brightness induction, whereas uncrossed disparity increases it. The effect of motion and the effect of disparity are independent of each other and additive, which suggests that, to the extent that brightness induction reflects segmentation of objects, motion and binocular disparity serve independently to segment objects from their background. The difference between the effects of crossed and uncrossed disparity can be explained by what we call "illusory transparency".(Research 2) Three experiments investigated the role of color in visual long-term memory. Experiment 1 showed that visual recognition memory for color images was somewhat better than that for black-and-white images. However, subjects' memory for whether each image was color or black-and-white at the time of learning was not much above chance. Experiment 2 investigated whether color is tied to specific spatial locations in images stored in memory. In order to change spatial locations of color without altering images per se, half the stimuli were left-right reversed at the time of testing. The results showed that left-right reversal reduced recognition memory for color images, but not for black-and-white images. However, only the male subjects showed this effect. Left-right reversal for color images caused very little reduction of memory in the female subjects. Tb determine whether this sex difference arose from differences in memory strategy, Experiment 3 used an incidental learning procedure. The results replicated those of Experiment 2, suggesting that the sex difference was caused by inherent differences in the visual memory system of males and females.