Research for Preschool Children's Gender Socialization

本研究的目的是考察学龄前儿童的性别社会化。我进行了四种研究或分析。主要研究结果如下：(1)儿童大众传媒内容分析：对2001年春秋两季播出的35部儿童电视节目和112部儿童读物进行分析。在这两种媒体中，女性的代表性都低于男性。(2)幼儿园和日托/托儿中心参与者观察：于2000-07/2001-03和2001-11在宫崎县北部地区的两个日托/托儿中心和广岛县的一所幼儿园进行了为期36天的观察。从性别期望和社会互动两个方面分析了儿童对电视卡通节目的偏好和他们最喜欢的颜色。在儿童的游戏中发现了性别差异。教师使用性别分类来对儿童进行分组，而他们对儿童的处理方式是…更多的教师通常是无性别的。(3)与教师的面谈：2001年11月和12月期间，对幼儿园和托儿中心的教师进行了面谈。他们被问到关于孩子们的游戏、媒体偏好、与孩子的互动以及他们过去与性别相关的经历等问题。他们的回答表明，他们认为性别分类是理所当然的，他们过去与性别有关的经历会影响他们与孩子的互动。(4)父母问卷：2001年3月，161名学龄前儿童的父母回答了三种问卷：一种是关于他们的孩子，一种是关于女性父母的性别观，另一种是关于男性父母的性别观。父母在青春期的经历与他们的性别态度有关。父母的性别态度也与孩子的待遇有关。本研究发现，学龄前儿童的性别社会化是一个复杂的过程，在这个过程中，学龄前儿童本身是活跃的动因。较少

The purpose of this research is to examine gender socialization in preschool children. I conducted four kinds of research or analysis. Main results are as follows :(1) ContentAnalysis of Mass Media for Children : 35 TV programs for children aired in Spring and Autumn 2001 and 112 Children's books were analysed. Women were less represented than men in both media. Moreover, the occupational and private roles for women were restricted.(2) Participant Observation in Kindergarten and Daycare/childcare Center : For 36 days, since July 2000 - March 2001, and November 2001, observation was conducted at two daycare/childcare centers in North area of Miyazaki Prefecture and a kindergarten in Hiroshima Prefecture. Children's preference for TV cartoon programs and their favorite colors were analysed in terms of gender expectation and social interaction. Gender division was found in the play of the children. Teachers used gender-categories for grouping children, while their treatment of the childre … More n was usually gender-free.(3) Interviews with Teachers : Teachers at the kindergarten and childcare centers were requested for interviews during November and December 2001. They were asked questions about the children's play, media preferences, interaction with the children, and their past gender-related experiences. Their responses revealed that they take gender-categories for granted, and their past gender-related experiences influence their interaction with children.(4) Parent Questionnaires : During March 2001, 161 preschool children's parents responded to three kinds of questionnaire : one was about their children, one for the female parent's views on gender and another for the male parent's views on gender. Parents' experiences during adolescence related to their gender attitudes. The gender attitudes of parents also related to treatment of their children.The present study found that gender socialization in preschool children is a complex process in which preschool children themselves are active agents. Less