Prosperity and Decline of the Traditional Civil Engineering during Modernized Era in Japan

在这篇报告中，我们研究了日本传统土木工程的兴衰，也就是说，从明治时代开始，当现代化的欧洲精湛工程被引进时，当未知的和新颖的结构开始建造时，发生了什么。由于结构的不同，推测其兴衰的情况会有很大的不同，因此将它们分为不同的结构类型，分别进行讨论；即交通、灌溉、电力、卫生、防洪和军事结构。并从多个角度进行了分析；即江户时代日本工程水平、日本与欧洲工程的差异、明治以后工程运输方式、传统工程的存续和工程的地域性。第二章将实体结构按时间顺序列出，主要从传统工程转移的角度对实体结构进行评述。结构类型如下：桥梁、隧道、水闸、防波堤、灯塔、水闸、水坝、净水设施、工事、堤防和堡垒。如果他们还活着，就附上照片。第三章从三个角度分别讨论了17种类型的结构表；也就是说，1)结构的需求是如何变化的，2)工程的内容是如何变化的，3)这些工程的区域属性是如何变化的。第一类再细分为五个子类。第二类又进一步分为三类；也就是说，a)传统工程在没有改变的情况下主要在小的地方结构中得到了成功，b)现代化工程已经扩展到传统工程上，c)传统工程已经淘汰和消失。第三类又分为两个子类；即贫富地区差异。运用本文所开发和给出的方法，可以更深入地评价日本近现代土木工程结构。附上了几个例子。少

In this report, prosperity and decline of the traditional Japanese civil engineering has been studied, that is, what had happened when the modernized superb European engineering was imported since Meiji Era and when the unknown and novel structures begun constructing.Since situation of the prosperity and decline is presumed to be hugely different due to the structures, they are discussed separately by dividing into various types of structures; that is, traffic, irrigation, electric, sanitary, flood control and military structures. And it was analyzed from various viewpoints ; that is, level of Japanese engineering during the Edo Era, difference of Japanese and European engineering, way of engineering transportation after the Meiji Era, survival of traditional engineering and regional property of engineering.In Chapter 2, substantial structures are listed in chronological order in every types of structures, and some comments are attached mainly from the viewpoint of transfer of traditio … More nal engineering. Types of structures are as follows ; bridges, tunnels, locks, breakwaters, lighthouses, sluices, dams, water-purification, sabos, dikes and fortresses. Photos are attached if they are surviving.In Chapter 3, 17 types of structural lists are discussed separately due to three standpoints ; that is, 1) how the demand of the structures had been shifted, 2) how the contents of the engineering had been shifted and 3) how was the regional property of those engineering. The first category is further divided into five sub-category. The second category is further divided into three ; that is, a) traditional engineering had been succeeded without change mainly in the small local structures, b) modernized engineering had been extended onto the traditional ones and c) traditional engineering had weeded out and disappeared. The third category is further divided into two sub-category ; that is, rich and poor regional differences.By applying the procedure developed and given in this work, civil engineering structures in the modernized era in Japan can be evaluated more deeply. Several examples are attached. Less