Prosperity and Decline of the Traditional Civil Engineering during Modernized Era in Japan

在这份报告中，研究了日本传统土木工程的兴衰，即自明治时代以来引进现代化的精湛欧洲工程与开始建造未知和新颖的结构时发生了什么。由于结构的不同兴衰情况被认为是截然不同的，因此将其分为交通、灌溉、电力、卫生、防洪和军事结构等不同类型的结构分别进行讨论。并从江户时代的日本工程水平、日欧工程的差异、明治时代后的工程运输方式、传统工程的存续以及工程的地域性等方面进行了分析。第二章按时间顺序列出了每种结构类型中的实体结构，并主要从传统…的转换角度进行了一些评论更多的是自然工程学。建筑物的类型如下：桥梁、隧道、船闸、防波堤、灯塔、水闸、水坝、净水、防波堤、堤防和堡垒。在第三章中，从三个角度分别讨论了17种结构清单：1)结构的需求是如何转移的；2)工程的内容是如何转移的；3)工程的地域性如何。第一类又分为五个子类。第二类又分为三类：a)传统工程继承不变，主要是在当地的小建筑上；b)现代工程延伸到传统工程上；c)传统工程被淘汰和消失。第三类又进一步划分为两个子类，即贫富地区差异。通过应用本文开发的程序，可以更深入地评估日本现代化时代的土木工程结构。文中附了几个例子。较少

In this report, prosperity and decline of the traditional Japanese civil engineering has been studied, that is, what had happened when the modernized superb European engineering was imported since Meiji Era and when the unknown and novel structures begun constructing.Since situation of the prosperity and decline is presumed to be hugely different due to the structures, they are discussed separately by dividing into various types of structures; that is, traffic, irrigation, electric, sanitary, flood control and military structures. And it was analyzed from various viewpoints ; that is, level of Japanese engineering during the Edo Era, difference of Japanese and European engineering, way of engineering transportation after the Meiji Era, survival of traditional engineering and regional property of engineering.In Chapter 2, substantial structures are listed in chronological order in every types of structures, and some comments are attached mainly from the viewpoint of transfer of traditio … More nal engineering. Types of structures are as follows ; bridges, tunnels, locks, breakwaters, lighthouses, sluices, dams, water-purification, sabos, dikes and fortresses. Photos are attached if they are surviving.In Chapter 3, 17 types of structural lists are discussed separately due to three standpoints ; that is, 1) how the demand of the structures had been shifted, 2) how the contents of the engineering had been shifted and 3) how was the regional property of those engineering. The first category is further divided into five sub-category. The second category is further divided into three ; that is, a) traditional engineering had been succeeded without change mainly in the small local structures, b) modernized engineering had been extended onto the traditional ones and c) traditional engineering had weeded out and disappeared. The third category is further divided into two sub-category ; that is, rich and poor regional differences.By applying the procedure developed and given in this work, civil engineering structures in the modernized era in Japan can be evaluated more deeply. Several examples are attached. Less