Historical research of the formation of the Communism Regime in China

中国社会主义制度是落后国家防御帝国主义侵略的一种全面战争制度。这一制度有以下三个主要组成部分。(1)在政治上，一个政党（中国共产党）对政治权力的垄断，将人民置于其指导和统治之下。(2)在经济上，主要生产资料国有化/国家管理，实行政府指导下排除市场经济的计划经济（实质上是国家控制的经济）。(3)在社会关系上，国家对人民的民族整合，不允许个人拥有私权。(1)和(2)的形成过程比较容易追踪，但(3)的形成过程是一个难题，迄今为止对其研究很少。这种困难可能归因于对中国社会普遍存在的误解，认为传统的中国社会是由强大的社区结构联系在一起的，人们认为这种结构为社会主义铺平了道路。然而，事实是，中国传统社会是一个组织不良的个人主义社会，与中国社会主义政权下组织严密的个人不能享有任何隐私的社会有很大不同。在这两年中，我一直试图通过考察国民政府的征兵问题来追溯抗日战争和内战时期中国传统社会组织混乱的重组过程。国家第二档案馆（南京）和四川省档案馆的许多历史文献表明，国民政府不得不征募许多年轻人来抵抗日本的侵略，这最终被证明是一个非常棘手的问题。与日本的情况相反，一张征兵纸就足以招募一个年轻人。中国政府不得不诉诸绑架等强制手段，因为中国的年轻人在组织不健全的社会中长大，几乎没有受到民族主义的影响，当被征召入伍时，他们经常逃跑。此外，征召作为农业主要劳动力的青年男子，加上征收沉重的粮食采购税，给当地社会造成了沉重的负担，并造成了各地区和社会阶层之间的利益冲突。少

The Chinese Socialism Regime can be characterized as a sort of total war system of a backward country to defend herself against an invasion of imperialistic countries. This regime has the following three principal components. (1)In politics, the monopoly of political power by the single party (Communist Party of China) who put the people under their guidance and dominance. (2)In economy, the nationalization/national management of the principal means of production and the planned economy (in substance, the state-controlled economy) under the governmental guidance that excludes market economy. (3)In the social relationship, the national integration of the people by the state that allows no private rights to an individual. It is easier to trace the formation process of (1) and (2), but that of (3) is a difficult problem as to which little researches have so far been done. This difficulty may be ascribed to the prevalent misunderstanding on Chinese society that the traditional society of C … More hina was bound together by strong community structures that has been supposed to have paved the way to socialism. The truth is, however, that the traditional society of China was poorly organized individualistic society that was quite different from the rigidly organized society under the Chinese Socialism Regime in which an individual cannot enjoy any privacy.During these two years, I have been trying to trace the reorganization process of the poorly organized traditional society of China during the Anti-Japan War and Civil War periods by examining the problem of conscription by the Nationalist Government. Many historical documents in The Second National Archives (Nanking) and Sichuan Provintial Archives indicate that the Nationalist Government had to enlist many young men to resist the Japanese invasion This eventually proved to be a very difficult question for the government. As opposed to the case of Japan in which a piece of conscription paper sufficed to recruit a young man. the Chinese government had to appeal to compulsory methods like kidnapping, as young men of China grown up in the poorly organized society and hardly influenced by nationalism often ran away when to be enlisted. Further, conscription of young men who constituted the principal labor force in agriculture in addition to imposition of heavy taxes for procuring provisions forced a heavy burden to the local society and caused conflicts of interests between various regions and social classes. Thus, in the process of the Anti-Japan War there emerged the favorable conditions for the Chinese Communist Party to organize the Land Reform Movement basing on the class-struggle theory. Less