Comparative Studies of Perceptions of the Pacific Ocean in the United States from the mid-19th Century to the beginning of the 20th Century

我发现在19世纪末和20世纪初，日本人和美国人对太平洋的看法有很大的不同。自19世纪以来，美国人做出了巨大的努力，以获得对太平洋的科学和系统的认识。美国海军水文处中尉Mathew F. Maury的职业生涯和成就就是最好的例子。他对19世纪中期美国海洋学的兴起做出了贡献。即使是20世纪初美国最重要的海军战略家阿尔弗雷德·t·马汉也继承了这一传统。例如，他强调夏威夷群岛是太平洋霸权的战略枢纽，这源于他对海洋霸权取决于海军力量的系统部署的理解。另一方面，美国的许多文学评论家和历史学家把太平洋岛屿上的生活和文化看作是他们自己文明的对立面。一些人甚至相信他们预见了太平洋地区多民族和多民族的美国的未来。特别是在1898年美国获得菲律宾和夏威夷群岛之后，这一愿景在他们的脑海中隐约出现。直到佩里号抵达后，日本才开始设想日本在太平洋的地位。不久，他们就形成了“南海”的地理概念，他们认为南海既不包括在西方，也不包括在东方。在他们的期望中，日本应该成为该地区的领导者，并反对欧美列强的入侵。然而，许多主张日本向南洋发展的人，对南洋在世界上的地理和社会政治地位，并没有任何详细和现实的认识。南洋，南太平洋的一部分，这种独特贫瘠的景象在与三郎武越1910年的作品《南国》中得到了最好的表达。在这篇文章中，武越赞扬了日本帝国在南洋时代的崛起，并强调了南洋民族日本化对于赢得东西方文明竞争的重要性。但他从未全面描绘过这些民族的生活和文化。日本人和美国人对太平洋的看法的对比告诉我们，在太平洋地区，不同文化的人民在同一时期的经历很容易导致彼此不信任。因此，太平洋视野的比较研究对于我们平衡地理解太平洋周边国家的多边和多层次的历史经验是必不可少的。少

I found significant difference between Japanese and American perceptions of the Pacific Ocean in the late 19^<th> -and the early 20^<th>-_century.Since the 19^<th>-century, Americans have made great efforts to gain a scientific and systematic vision of the Pacific Ocean. The career and achievements of Mathew F. Maury, a lieutenant of the hydrographical department in the American navy was its best example. He contributed to the rise of the ocean logy in the mid-19^<th> century America. Even Alfred T. Mahan, the foremost American naval strategist at the turn of the 20^<th> century, inherited this tradition. His emphasis on Hawaii islands as the strategic pivot for the hegemony of the Pacific Ocean, for instance, derived from his understanding of the dominance of ocean depending on systematic deployment of naval forces. On the other hand, many literary critics and historians in America looked at life and culture of Pacific islands as antitheses against their own civilization. Some people … More even believed that they foresaw the future of mutli-national and multi-ethnic America in the Pacific area. That vision loomed up in their mind especially after the US gained the Philippines and Hawaii islands in 1898.Japanese started to envision Japan's position in the Pacific only after the Perry's arrival. Soon they molded the geographical concept of "Nanyo (the South Sea Area)", which they thought to be included neither in the West nor in the East. Japan, in their expectation, should become the leader of that area and stood against the invasion of the Euro-American powers. Many of the proponents of Japanese development into the Nanyo, however, did not have any detailed and realistic understanding of geographical and socio-political figure of the Nanyo in the world. This peculiarly barren vision of Nanyo, a Southern part of the Pacific Ocean, found its best expression in Takekoshi Yosaburo's Nangokuki of 1910. In it, Takekoshi hailed the rise of Imperial Japan in the Nanyo and emphasized the importance of Japanization of Nanyo peoples to win competition of civilizations between the East and the West. But he never fully depicted the life and culture of those peoples.The contrast between Japanese and American perceptions of the Pacific Ocean teaches us that in the Pacific area the contemporaneous experience of peoples of different cultures could easily lead to the distrust of each other. Thus comparative studies of the visions of the Pacific are indispensable for us to gain balanced understanding of multilateral and multi-layered historical experiences of the nations surrounding the Pacific. Less