A Functional-Typological Study of Discourse Modality Expressions in Japanese and Korean : With Special Attention to the Contrasts between Japanese-Korean and English-Germany

(1)日语和韩语在情态语言编码和话语情态方面存在跨语言差异。具体而言，日语倾向于通过句末助词使语篇情态语法化，而韩语则倾向于非语篇情态语法化。Horie和Taira（2002）提出了这一观察结果。(2)日语和韩语在形式-意义映射上的语义对比，如“多功能性vs语义专一性”，与英语和德语的对比相似。这种对比体现在日语和韩语的补语和否定等语法现象中。Horie （2002a）、Horie （2002b）和Horie and Moriya（2002）提出了这一观察结果。(3)(2)中的对比需要对两个语言共同体（日本和韩国）的文化价值进行对比分析。因此，一种结合语言和社会文化分析的方法沿着认知类型学的路线被提出（Horie 2002c）。(4)在(4)的基础上，对日语和韩语的借词现象进行了认知类型学分析，结果表明日语比韩语更容易接受外来词（Horie 2002）。

(1) There were cross-linguistic differences in terms of linguistic coding ofmodality and discourse modality between Japanese and Korean. Specifically, it was found that Japanese preferentially grammaticalizes discourse modality by means of sentence-final particles, while Korean prioritizes non-discourse modality. This observation was presented in Horie and Taira (2002).(2) A semantic contrast in form-meaning mapping, e.g "polyfunctionality vs., semantic specificity" is observed between Japanese and Korean, parallel to the contrast between English and German. This contrast is observed in such grammatical phenomena like complementation and negation in Japanese and Korean. This observation was presented in Horie (2002a), Horie (2002b), and Horie and Moriya (2002).(3) The contrast suggested in (2) requires a contrastive analysis of two linguistic communities(Japan and Korea) in terms of cultural values. An approach incorporating linguistic and socio-cultural analyses is thus suggested along the line of Cognitive Typology (Horie 2002c).(4) Along the line of (4), a cognitive-typological analysis of borrowing phenomena in Japanese and Korean was presented, suggesting that Japanese is more receptive toward loanwords than Korean (Horie 2002d).