A Functional-Typological Study of Discourse Modality Expressions in Japanese and Korean : With Special Attention to the Contrasts between Japanese-Korean and English-Germany

(1)日语和韩语在情态和话语情态的语言编码方面存在着跨语言差异。具体来说，日语倾向于通过助动词来语法化话语情态，而韩语则倾向于语法化非话语情态。Horie和Taira（2002年）提出了这一观察结果。(2)形式-意义映射中的语义对比，例如“多功能性与”，与英语和德语的对比一样，日语和韩语之间也存在“语义特异性”。这种对比在日语和韩语中的补语和否定等语法现象中也有体现。Horie（2002 a）、Horie（2002 b）以及Horie和Moriya（2002）提出了这一观察结果。(3)（2）中提出的对比要求对两个语言社区（日本和韩国）的文化价值观进行对比分析。因此，沿着认知类型学（Horie 2002 c）的路线，提出了一种结合语言和社会文化分析的方法。(4)沿着（4）的思路，对日语和韩语中的借用现象进行了认知类型学分析，表明日语比韩语更容易接受外来词（Horie 2002 d）。

(1) There were cross-linguistic differences in terms of linguistic coding ofmodality and discourse modality between Japanese and Korean. Specifically, it was found that Japanese preferentially grammaticalizes discourse modality by means of sentence-final particles, while Korean prioritizes non-discourse modality. This observation was presented in Horie and Taira (2002).(2) A semantic contrast in form-meaning mapping, e.g "polyfunctionality vs., semantic specificity" is observed between Japanese and Korean, parallel to the contrast between English and German. This contrast is observed in such grammatical phenomena like complementation and negation in Japanese and Korean. This observation was presented in Horie (2002a), Horie (2002b), and Horie and Moriya (2002).(3) The contrast suggested in (2) requires a contrastive analysis of two linguistic communities(Japan and Korea) in terms of cultural values. An approach incorporating linguistic and socio-cultural analyses is thus suggested along the line of Cognitive Typology (Horie 2002c).(4) Along the line of (4), a cognitive-typological analysis of borrowing phenomena in Japanese and Korean was presented, suggesting that Japanese is more receptive toward loanwords than Korean (Horie 2002d).