An Elucidation of the Role of Institutional Systems in Characterizing Technology Development Trajectories - A Global Comparative Analysis of Manufacturing Technology and Information Technology in the Enhancement of Business Practice

1.背景和目的1.在20世纪90年代出现的信息社会中，日本在信息技术(IT)的开发和利用方面远远低于美国的水平。2.这可以归因于日本缺乏弹性的制度、对IT潜在利益的充分利用和经济停滞之间的恶性循环。3.这种恶性循环的根源可以来自制造技术(MT)和IT在扩散过程中在技术表征过程上的根本差异。这次调查试图阐明这一机制。二.新发现1.MT主要是由供应方开发的，其功能是在向市场供应的阶段确立的。相比之下，IT是由需求方强烈驱动的，其功能是通过自我传播的方式传播来创建的。这种对比可以从日本美孚…的戏剧性进步中清晰地观察到2.事实上，由于以更高功能为目标的强大市场学习和充分利用网络外部性的好处，日本手机产业通过功能的创造和扩散过程中自我传播的特征变化，与制度系统呈现出协同进化的发展。3.这也可以归因于运营商和供应商在其新的各种功能的激烈竞争中的共同进化，导致了日本独特的双重协同进化动力的构建。4.手机驱动的创新通过传播核心技术和革新传统生产方式，在调整产业生产、扩散、消费和创新体系方面发挥催化作用，从而重新激活日本经济。5.由于日本在封闭系统中独特的供应结构，日本手机产业未能适应全球市场对功能多样性的需求。6.此外，创新导致了技术表征过程的驯化，区分了坚持不在这里发明综合症的企业和那些通过技术混合管理成功地融合了本土实力和学习效果的企业。因此，企业的创新轨迹是两极分化的，导致了以前同质的异质日本企业。较少

I.Background and Objectives1.Japan ranks far below the level of the USA with respect to the development and utilization of information technology (IT) in the information society that emerged in the 1990s.2.This can be attributed to a vicious cycle between Japan's non-elastic institutions, insufficient utilization of the potential benefits of IT, and economic stagnation.3.The source of such a vicious cycle can be derived from the fundamental differences of the characterizing process of technology between manufacturing technology (MT) and IT during their diffusion processes. This investigation attempted to elucidate this mechanism.II.New Findings1.MT has been developed largely by the supply side and its functionality is established during the stage of its supply to the market. In contrast, IT is strongly driven by the demand side and its functionality is created through diffusion in a self-propagating way. This contrast can be clearly observed in the dramatic advancement of Japan's mobil … More e phone industry in the late 1990s.2.In fact, induced by strong market learning aiming at higher functionality and accomplishing a full utilization of the benefit of network externalities, Japan's mobile phone industry has demonstrated co-evolutional development with institutional systems through the creation of functionality and the changing of characteristics in a self-propagating way during its diffusion process.3.This can also be attributed to co-evolution between operators and vendors amidst severe competition in their new variety of functionalities, leading to construction of Japan's unique dual co-evolutional dynamism.4.Mobile phone driven innovation triggered reactivation of Japan's economy through its catalytic role in restructuring industry production, diffusion, consumption and innovation systems by disseminating core technologies and renovating the conventional production style.5.However, as a consequence of Japan's unique supply structure in a closed system, Japan's mobile phone industry failed to conform to the demand for functionality variety in the global market.6.In addition, innovation resulted in differentiating the domestication of the characterization process of technology between firms sticking to Not Invented Here syndrome and those that succeeded in fusing indigenous strength and learning effects by means of the hybrid management of technology. Consequently, the innovation trajectory of firms was bi-polarized, resulting in heterogeneous Japanese firms that were previously homogenous. Less