An Elucidation of the Role of Institutional Systems in Characterizing Technology Development Trajectories - A Global Comparative Analysis of Manufacturing Technology and Information Technology in the Enhancement of Business Practice

一、背景与目的1.在20世纪90年代出现的信息社会中，日本在信息技术（IT）的开发和利用方面远远落后于美国。2.这可以归因于日本缺乏弹性的制度、IT的潜在利益没有得到充分利用、这种恶性循环的根源在于制造技术与信息技术在扩散过程中技术特征化过程的根本差异。本次调查试图阐明这一机制。II.新发现1. MT主要是由供应方开发的，其功能是在其向市场供应的阶段建立的。相比之下，信息技术是由需求方强烈驱动的，其功能是通过自我传播的方式扩散创造的。这种反差在日本移动通信的突飞猛进中可以清楚地观察到。 关于我们 2.实际上，在以更高功能为目标，充分利用网络外部性利益的强烈市场学习的诱导下，日本的移动的电话产业通过在一个自我发展的社会中创造功能和改变特征，3.这也可以归因于运营商和供应商在新功能的激烈竞争中的共同进化，4.手机驱动的创新通过其对产业生产结构调整的催化作用，5.然而，由于日本在封闭系统中的独特供应结构，日本的移动的电话产业未能满足全球市场对功能多样性的需求。6.此外，创新导致了技术表征过程的本土化在坚持非在此发明综合症的公司和那些成功融合本土力量和通过技术的混合管理的学习效果。因此，企业的创新轨迹是两极化的，导致了以前同质的异质日本企业。少

I.Background and Objectives1.Japan ranks far below the level of the USA with respect to the development and utilization of information technology (IT) in the information society that emerged in the 1990s.2.This can be attributed to a vicious cycle between Japan's non-elastic institutions, insufficient utilization of the potential benefits of IT, and economic stagnation.3.The source of such a vicious cycle can be derived from the fundamental differences of the characterizing process of technology between manufacturing technology (MT) and IT during their diffusion processes. This investigation attempted to elucidate this mechanism.II.New Findings1.MT has been developed largely by the supply side and its functionality is established during the stage of its supply to the market. In contrast, IT is strongly driven by the demand side and its functionality is created through diffusion in a self-propagating way. This contrast can be clearly observed in the dramatic advancement of Japan's mobil … More e phone industry in the late 1990s.2.In fact, induced by strong market learning aiming at higher functionality and accomplishing a full utilization of the benefit of network externalities, Japan's mobile phone industry has demonstrated co-evolutional development with institutional systems through the creation of functionality and the changing of characteristics in a self-propagating way during its diffusion process.3.This can also be attributed to co-evolution between operators and vendors amidst severe competition in their new variety of functionalities, leading to construction of Japan's unique dual co-evolutional dynamism.4.Mobile phone driven innovation triggered reactivation of Japan's economy through its catalytic role in restructuring industry production, diffusion, consumption and innovation systems by disseminating core technologies and renovating the conventional production style.5.However, as a consequence of Japan's unique supply structure in a closed system, Japan's mobile phone industry failed to conform to the demand for functionality variety in the global market.6.In addition, innovation resulted in differentiating the domestication of the characterization process of technology between firms sticking to Not Invented Here syndrome and those that succeeded in fusing indigenous strength and learning effects by means of the hybrid management of technology. Consequently, the innovation trajectory of firms was bi-polarized, resulting in heterogeneous Japanese firms that were previously homogenous. Less