A Study of Development of Deviant Theories in American Sociology

从20世纪20年代到20世纪末的80年间，美国社会学偏差理论的发展历程可分为以下几个时期：20 -30年代的芝加哥学派；社会失范理论与50年代的功能分析60年代的标签理论与冲突理论实证主义对应于70 -80年代的保守时代；90年代的整合理论。从理论角度看，这一过程可以理解为三种基本模型的循环、重组或统一：结构理论；相互作用理论；行动理论。此外，方法论也有实证主义/解释主义原则、分析主义/叙事原则和现实主义/建构主义原则。主流方法论是随着时代的发展在这些原则之间流转的。作为理论创新的条件，我可以从这一发展过程中发现以下命题：1。没有这些传统的理论视角和方法，新的越轨理论不会突然产生。更多的理论是通过考虑对立面的观点而创造出来的，并使每个观点更加清晰或相互吸收到自己的理论中，彼此相反地相似。A.Abbott称这种现象为“分形启发式”，它在理论创造力中起着重要作用。一种新理论很容易被学术界接受，只要它的理论向你提出是对传统理论的继承或重新解释。新理论对学术界的影响不仅取决于理论本身的有效性，还取决于其理论倡导者的威望和学派内部“互动活动”的强烈程度。这与r . collins所说的“互动仪式”是一样的。推动理论发展的因素与社会和时代的要求有关。由于理论能引起人们的兴趣和支持，所以它体现在一个真正的政策上，容易获得研究的基础，也容易在大学里找到工作。一个新理论越有吸引力，它就越像“雪球”一样放大权力、金钱和地位

A development process of deviant theories in American sociology for 80 years from 1920's to the end of the 20th is divided into following periods : the Chicago School of 20's-30's ; Anomie theory and functional analysis of 50's ; Labeling theory and conflict theory of 60's ; Positivism corresponding to the conservative times of 70's-80's;Integrating theory of 90's. From theoretical perspective, we can understand this process as circulation, recombination or unification of three basic models: structural theory ; interaction theory ; action theory. In addition, methodology is distinguished in the principle of positivism/interpretivism, analytic/narrative, and realism/constructionism. Mainstream methodology circulates among these principles by the times. As conditions of theoretical creativity, I can find out the following propositions from this developmental process.1.A new deviant theory is not produced suddenly without these traditional theoretical perspectives and methodologies.2.A ne … More w theory is created by considering a perspective of opposite side and makes each perspective more clear or absorbs each other into own theory and each other resembles adversely. A.Abbott calls this phenomenon as "fractal heuristics" that plays important role in theoretical creativity.3.A new theory is easily accepted in academic world on the condition to appeal to you that its theory is traditional theoretical succession or reinterpretation.4.Influence of new theory to academic world depend not only on the theoretical validity itself but also on prestige of advocate of its theory and the strong of interaction activity" in the School inside. This is the same point called as "interaction rituals" by R.Collins.5.A factor to promote a theoretical development is related with a demand of society and the time. As the theory can get interest of people and supporting, it is reflected by a real policy and is easy to get foundation for research and also is easy to get a job at university. The more attractive a new theory is, the more it magnifies power, money and position just like "snow ball" Less