Reconsideration of the Deviant Studies of Chicago Sociology

本文的目的是通过重新审视芝加哥学派的一些专著来建构越轨理论。主要主题是移民和越轨行为、城市社区和犯罪以及商业犯罪。这些问题可以从社会解体理论的角度进行研究。从这一理论中，以下几点变得清晰起来。任何越轨都会出现在社会世界的瓦解和重组的洪流中。社会失序集中在市区的一些地方。这一趋势与宏观社会进程有关，既包括城市化、工业化和市场社会的发展，也包括通过公共住房政策和领带将贫困人口隔离和偏离到特定地区的政治进程。在杂乱无章的地区和商业世界，没有共同的价值观和规范。我们在那里也找不到积极的社会控制。生活在社会杂乱无章的世界中的演员经常面临日常生活的问题或功能困难。当他们面对困难时，他们试图处理情况，恰好发现越轨行为是解决问题的简单而有效的手段。一旦被证明是真实的，越轨行为就会融入他们的社会生活。要延续越轨生活，就必须构建社会紧密的网络和良好的法律条件。在从事非法经营的情况下，不仅要建立政客、控制者和变态之间的腐败关系，而且要与变态世界的对手保持合作。当违法行为不比合法行为给行为人带来更多影响时，或者当网络运行不好时，大多数行为人会停止越轨行为。

The purpose of this paper is to construct the deviant theory by reconsidering some monographs of the Chicago School. Main topics are immigration and deviance, urban community and delinquency, and crime for business. These topics can be studied from the perspective of social disorganization theory. From this theory, the following points have become clear.1. Any deviance appears in the streams of disorganization and reorganization of social world.2. Social disorganization concentrates on some places of urban district. This trend is related to macro social processes which include not only urbanization, industrialization and development of market society, but also political process such as the segregation of the poor and deviant to specific area through public housing policy and collar-line.3. In disorganized areas and business worlds, there are no common values and norms. We also cannot find the active social control there. Actors who live in the social disorganization world often face the problematic situation of everyday life or functional difficulties.4. When they face the difficulties, they try to deal with the situations and happen to find that deviant behavior is easy and efficient means to solve the problems. Once it is proved to be real, deviance is incorporated in their social life.5. To continue the deviant life, it is necessary to construct the social close network and a favorable law conditions. In the case of doing illegal businesses, it is particularly important not only to establish the corruptive relationship among politician, controller and deviant, but also to keep cooperating with rivals of deviant world.6. When illegal behaviors do not bring more effects to actor than legal behavior does, or where the network does not work well, most actors will stop deviant behavior.