Development of the Passage-Toll at Bapaume and Social Consensus in the Medieval Northern France.

本研究旨在具体考察13^-14 ^世纪北方法国人在<th><th>巴波姆通行费制度形成和组织覆盖整个法-佛兰德商业之前的行为。所以这将研究一种社会共识的形成过程，在收费管理者和重要商业城市的市民之间。本研究以当地档案馆保存的一系列有关巴波姆通行税的印文资料为基础，深入研究了巴波姆通行税的发展过程：1202年，法国王室将巴波姆这一跨区域的商业中转站的控制框定为严格的“文字”管理。国王征询了许多人的意见，进行了一次调查。亚眠等邻近城镇的代表证实了这种收费制度的原则。而在这个时候拿起是一些城镇被免除这种收费的巴波姆。亚眠瓦 关于我们 他自然被提名，而圣奥梅尔没有。在整个13^<th>世纪，这一损失变得更加严格和严重。但在1276年，圣奥梅尔镇新获得了一项重要的特权，即在某些情况下，人们将免除巴波姆的通行费。除了这笔财富，许多城镇所拥有的豁免权也受到收费管理人员的挑战。法国北方发生了一些社会冲突。在这些情况下，巴黎高等法院作出有利于收费管理者的判决，一些城市失去了他们的特权。在14^世纪上半叶<th>，亚眠市继续保持和扩大他们的特权。值得注意的是，亚眠人研究了几种类型的文件，并澄清了讨论中的问题。最后，他们让最高法院重新审查所有有关文件，并成功地获得了承认他们坚持的判决。虽然判决书很多，甚至相互矛盾，但亚眠镇挑选了有利的判决书，编写了一份新的登记册。这是民族自治地方为维护自身权利而实行的文字管理方式。在冲突没有得到妥善解决的情况下，收费管理者和乡镇立即采取措施。但是，一点一点地重复辩论似乎澄清了问题的要点，并为最终解决方案的下一个机构做好了准备。

This study aims to examine concretely how Northern French people in 13^<th>-14^<th> centuries act in front that the system of passage-toll at Bapaume is formed and organized to cover all over the French-Flemish commerce. So this will study the process or formation of a sort of social consensus between the toll administrators and the burgess of important commercial cities. Based on a series of imprinted documents concerning this passage-toll preserved at some local archives, our study deeply researched this process of development of the passage-toll at Bapaume as followings.In 1202 French Crown framed up the control of this interregional commercial transit point of Bapaume into a rigid "literal" administration. The king made a query(inquisition) consulted with many people. The representatives of some neighbor towns, contained Amiens and so on, testified the principles of this passage-toll-system. And at this time picked up are some towns to be exempt from this toll of Bapaume. Amiens wa … More s naturally nominated and Saint-Omer was not. Through the 13^<th> century this passage-toll becomes more rigid and severe. But in 1276 the town of Saint-Omer newly gains an important privilege that the people will be exempt from the toll of Bapaume in some cases. Besides this fortune, the rights of exemption which many towns are holding are challenged by the toll administrators. There occur some social conflicts in Northern France. On these cases the Parlement de Paris pass judgment in favor of the toll administrators and some cities lose their privileges. During the first half of the 14^<th> century, the city of Amiens continues to keep and enlarge their privileges. Remarkably people of Amiens examine a several sorts of documents and clarify the points under discussion. Finally they let the Parlement to reexamine all the documents concerned and succeed to obtain a judgment admitting their insistence. While there are many judgments, even contradictory each other, the town of Amiens picked up and selected the favorable judgments to compile a new register. This is the way of literal administration practiced by the autonomous towns to observe their rights. Without the perfect settlement of conflict, the toll administrators and the towns take immediate measures each other. But the repetition of debates little by little seems to clarify the points of problem and prepare the next institutions toward the final settlement Less