Development of the Passage-Toll at Bapaume and Social Consensus in the Medieval Northern France.

本研究旨在具体考察13世纪至14世纪的法国北部人民如何在巴波姆通行收费制度形成和组织之前采取行动，以覆盖整个法国-佛兰德商业。因此，本文将研究收费管理者与重要商业城市市民之间形成一种社会共识的过程。根据一些地方档案馆保存的一系列关于通行费的印迹文件，我们的研究深入研究了巴波姆通行费的发展过程，如下所示。1202年，法国王室将巴波姆这个跨区域商业中转站的控制变成了一个严格的“字面”管理。国王询问了许多人的意见。一些邻近城镇的代表，包括亚眠等，证实了这种通行收费制度的原则。当时有一些城镇可以免交巴波姆税。亚眠自然被提名，而圣奥梅尔没有。经过13世纪，这种通行费变得更加严格和严厉。但在1276年，圣奥梅尔镇获得了一项重要的特权在某些情况下，人们可以免交巴波姆的通行费。除此之外，许多城镇所拥有的免收通行费的权利也受到了收费管理者的质疑。法国北部发生了一些社会矛盾。在这些案件中，巴黎高等法院做出了有利于收费管理员的判决，一些城市失去了他们的特权。在14世纪上半叶，亚眠市继续保持和扩大他们的特权。值得注意的是，亚眠人研究了几种文件，并阐明了讨论中的要点。最后，他们让法院重新审查所有有关文件，并成功地获得了承认他们坚持的判决。虽然有许多判决，甚至相互矛盾，但亚眠镇收集并选择了有利的判决来编制新的登记册。这是自治镇为行使自治权而实行的文字管理方式。在冲突没有得到完善解决的情况下，收费管理部门和城镇之间相互采取了紧急措施。但是，辩论的重复一点一点地似乎澄清了问题的要点，并为下一个机构的最终解决做准备

This study aims to examine concretely how Northern French people in 13^<th>-14^<th> centuries act in front that the system of passage-toll at Bapaume is formed and organized to cover all over the French-Flemish commerce. So this will study the process or formation of a sort of social consensus between the toll administrators and the burgess of important commercial cities. Based on a series of imprinted documents concerning this passage-toll preserved at some local archives, our study deeply researched this process of development of the passage-toll at Bapaume as followings.In 1202 French Crown framed up the control of this interregional commercial transit point of Bapaume into a rigid "literal" administration. The king made a query(inquisition) consulted with many people. The representatives of some neighbor towns, contained Amiens and so on, testified the principles of this passage-toll-system. And at this time picked up are some towns to be exempt from this toll of Bapaume. Amiens wa … More s naturally nominated and Saint-Omer was not. Through the 13^<th> century this passage-toll becomes more rigid and severe. But in 1276 the town of Saint-Omer newly gains an important privilege that the people will be exempt from the toll of Bapaume in some cases. Besides this fortune, the rights of exemption which many towns are holding are challenged by the toll administrators. There occur some social conflicts in Northern France. On these cases the Parlement de Paris pass judgment in favor of the toll administrators and some cities lose their privileges. During the first half of the 14^<th> century, the city of Amiens continues to keep and enlarge their privileges. Remarkably people of Amiens examine a several sorts of documents and clarify the points under discussion. Finally they let the Parlement to reexamine all the documents concerned and succeed to obtain a judgment admitting their insistence. While there are many judgments, even contradictory each other, the town of Amiens picked up and selected the favorable judgments to compile a new register. This is the way of literal administration practiced by the autonomous towns to observe their rights. Without the perfect settlement of conflict, the toll administrators and the towns take immediate measures each other. But the repetition of debates little by little seems to clarify the points of problem and prepare the next institutions toward the final settlement Less