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A Comparative Study of Religious Songs in the United States : Buddhist Hymns and Black Spirituals

美国宗教歌曲比较研究:佛教圣歌和黑人灵歌

基本信息

批准号：
14510651
负责人：
WELLS Keiko
金额：
$ 1.79万
依托单位：
Ritsumeikan University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2002
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2002 至 2004
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This comparative study of religious songs in the United States explores especially the beginnings and the developments of Jodoshinshu Buddhist songs and Black spirituals. Both types of songs are the offspring of minor cultures and are good samples of acculturation in Christian dominated American society. They are also examples of cultures which show the feelings and mentality of oppressed people.There are three types of Jodoshinshu Buddhist songs. One type is the songs imported from Japan and sung in Japanese or in English translation. The second is the English songs created especially for English speaking Buddhists. Many of them were created at about the same time when Black gospel songs were rapidly gaining popularity in Chicago and elsewhere, i.e., in the mid 1920s. English Buddhist songs for children were created after the Second World War to strengthen the identity of Japanese Americans as American citizens. There are folk religious songs which sprang in Hawaii islands, especially … More in Kona, during and immediately after the war when Japanese Americans were most oppressed.When white Americans collected and documented Black spirituals in the South at the beginning of the Civil War, black slaves had orally transmitted numerous songs, both sacred and secular. The songs are the acculturated fruits of African music, religious tradition and Christian tradition. After the Civil War, black college chorus groups made much money by touring the country and the world by giving concerts of Black spirituals. Then there rose an argument in the 1920s whether the Black spirituals arranged for concerts were "genuine" black culture. The concert tradition and folksong tradition of African American songs became separate. At about the same time, "gospel songs" arose in urban environment to express the feelings and mentality of new generations. It was the time when the black people suffered from severe poverty and oppression because of Jim Crow laws and economic depression.The research shows that the creation of new songs or great changes in songs occur when American society is intolerant to ethnic minorities. The minority people voice their fear against the society implicitly in religious songs. They make sure of their social identity by controlling the fear while singing religious songs. Less

本文对美国宗教歌曲进行了比较研究，特别探讨了佛教歌曲和黑人灵歌的起源和发展。这两种类型的歌曲都是少数民族文化的产物，是基督教主导的美国社会文化适应的很好样本。它们也是表现受压迫人民的感情和心态的文化的例子。一种是从日本进口的歌曲，用日语或英语翻译。第二种是专门为讲英语的佛教徒创作的英文歌曲。其中许多是在黑人福音歌曲在芝加哥和其他地方迅速流行的同时创作的，在20世纪20年代中期第二次世界大战后，为加强日裔美国人作为美国公民的身份，为儿童创作了英语佛教歌曲。在夏威夷群岛上流传着一些民间宗教歌曲， ...更多信息在科纳，在战争期间和战争结束后，日裔美国人最受压迫。当白色美国人收集和记录黑人灵歌在南方在内战开始时，黑人奴隶口头传播了许多歌曲，无论是神圣的还是世俗的。这些歌曲是非洲音乐、宗教传统和基督教传统的文化成果。南北战争后，黑人大学合唱团通过举办黑人灵歌音乐会，在全国和世界各地巡回演出，赚了很多钱。然后在20世纪20年代出现了一场争论，即为音乐会安排的黑人灵歌是否是“真正的”黑人文化。非裔美国人歌曲的音乐会传统和民歌传统分开了。与此同时，“福音歌”在城市环境中兴起，表达了新一代人的情感和心态。这是黑人遭受严重贫困和压迫的时候，因为吉姆克劳法和经济萧条，研究表明，新的歌曲创作或歌曲的巨大变化发生在美国社会对少数民族的不容忍。少数民族在宗教歌曲中含蓄地表达了他们对社会的恐惧。他们通过唱宗教歌曲时控制恐惧来确保自己的社会身份。少