Ecological studies on fungivores and their host mushrooms

许多大型的、进化上成功的昆虫群体的繁殖在很大程度上要归功于真菌的食物来源，而真菌经常从昆虫身上获利。然而，许多真菌产生几种次生代谢物。它们通常对昆虫有害或有毒，并且可能强烈参与昆虫-真菌的相互作用。金刚伞属是担子菌中最著名的大型真菌属之一。它们主要是几种森林树木的外生菌根真菌，它们的担子果皮被认为是蘑菇的非典型标志。该属还因其具有影响动物生存和生产性能的一系列化合物而闻名。伞毒素和伊博藤酸是在一些伞菌中发现的这类化合物的代表。本研究主要对利用伞木属担子果的昆虫进行了研究，特别是利用了伞木属担子果的昆虫。三年多的调查结果表明，访（食）基地的昆虫区系、更多的果皮和孳生的蛆在其中是不同的。前者由多个节肢动物目组成，而后者以双翅目为主，特别是只有果蝇科和果蝇科。对哺乳动物的毒性主要为神经毒性代谢物伊博藤酸和麝香酚，对哺乳动物无致死性，但有很强的杀虫作用。我们还研究了这些化合物对五种果蝇的卵到蛹的存活率、化蛹时间和蛹大小的影响，这些果蝇分别是d.b onata （A. ibotengutake basidiocarps的“繁殖动物群”优势种）、d.b angularis、d.b brachynephros、d.m anmigrans和d.m ologaster。前三种是支食性的，使用各种蘑菇进行繁殖，而d . migrans和D.melanogaster是食果性的。在添加500、250、125、62.5 （μg/ml）伊博藤酸和/或麝香酚的人工培养基上饲养蝇幼虫。3种真菌对伊博滕酸不敏感，而2种果食性真菌对伊博滕酸有影响。少

Many large, evolutionarily successful groups of insect owe much of their proliferation to fungal food sources, and fungi frequently profit from insects. However, many fungi produce several kinds of secondary metabolites. And they are often harmful or toxic to insects in general, and may be strongly involved in insect-fungus interaction. The genus Amanita is one of the most famous macrofungal genera of basidiomycetes. They are known to be mainly ectomycorrhizal fungi for several forest trees, and their basdiocarps have been recognized as atypical icon of mushrooms. This genus is also famous to have a spectrum of chemical compounds affecting survival and performance of animals. Amatoxins and ibotenic acid are representative of such compounds found in some Amanita mushrooms. In this study, we focused on the insects, which utilized basidiocarps of Amanita spp, especially A. ibotengutake. The results of the survey over three years indicted that fauna of the insects visiting (feeding) basidi … More ocarps and breeding maggots in them were different. The former consisted of several orders of arthropod, however, the latter was characterized by Diptera, especially only Phorodae and Drosophilidae. The poisons of A. ibotengutake were neurotoxic metabolites ibotenic acid and muscimol, which are non-fatal to mammals but are highly insecticidal. We also studied the effects of these compounds, on egg-to-pupa survival, pupation time, and pupal size in five Drosophila species, D. bizonata (the dominant species of "breeding fauna" in A. ibotengutake basidiocarps), D.angularis, D.brachynephros, D.immigrans, and D.melanogaster. The first three species are mycophagous and use a wide range of mushrooms for breeding, whereas D.immigrans and D.melanogaster are frugivorous. We reared fly larvae on artificial medium with 500,250,125, and 62.5 (μg/ml) of ibotenic acid and/or musimol. The three mycophagous species were not susceptible to ibotenic acid, whereas the two frugivorous species were affected. Less