Ecological studies on fungivores and their host mushrooms

许多大型的、在进化上成功的昆虫群体的繁殖在很大程度上归功于真菌的食物来源，而真菌经常从昆虫身上获利。然而，许多真菌产生几种次级代谢产物。它们通常对昆虫有害或有毒，并且可能强烈参与昆虫-真菌相互作用。鹅膏菌属是大型真菌中最著名的一个属。已知它们主要是几种森林树木的外生菌根真菌，并且它们的担子果被认为是蘑菇的非典型图标。该属也以具有一系列影响动物生存和性能的化学化合物而闻名。鹅膏毒素和鹅膏蕈氨酸是在一些鹅膏菌中发现的此类化合物的代表。本研究以利用鹅膏菌担子果的昆虫为研究对象，特别是利用鹅膏菌担子果的昆虫。ibotengutake。三年多的调查结果表明，访（食）担子的昆虫区系 关于我们 结果表明，两种植物的果实和繁殖蛆的种类不同。前者由多个节肢动物目组成，而后者则以双翅目为特征，特别是只有蚤蝇科和果蝇科。A.鹅膏蕈毒是神经毒性代谢物鹅膏蕈氨酸和蝇蕈醇，对哺乳动物不致命，但具有高度杀虫性。我们还研究了这些化合物对五种果蝇的卵至蛹存活率、化蛹时间和蛹大小的影响。bizonata（A. ibotengutake basidiocarps）、D.angularis、D. brachyphens、D.immigrans和D. melanogaster。前三个物种是食菌的，并使用广泛的蘑菇繁殖，而D.immigrans和D.melanogaster是食果的。在含有500、250、125和62.5 μg/ml鹅膏蕈氨酸和/或麝香草酚的人工培养基上饲养蝇幼虫。三种食菌物种不受鹅膏蕈氨酸的影响，而两种食果物种受到影响。少

Many large, evolutionarily successful groups of insect owe much of their proliferation to fungal food sources, and fungi frequently profit from insects. However, many fungi produce several kinds of secondary metabolites. And they are often harmful or toxic to insects in general, and may be strongly involved in insect-fungus interaction. The genus Amanita is one of the most famous macrofungal genera of basidiomycetes. They are known to be mainly ectomycorrhizal fungi for several forest trees, and their basdiocarps have been recognized as atypical icon of mushrooms. This genus is also famous to have a spectrum of chemical compounds affecting survival and performance of animals. Amatoxins and ibotenic acid are representative of such compounds found in some Amanita mushrooms. In this study, we focused on the insects, which utilized basidiocarps of Amanita spp, especially A. ibotengutake. The results of the survey over three years indicted that fauna of the insects visiting (feeding) basidi … More ocarps and breeding maggots in them were different. The former consisted of several orders of arthropod, however, the latter was characterized by Diptera, especially only Phorodae and Drosophilidae. The poisons of A. ibotengutake were neurotoxic metabolites ibotenic acid and muscimol, which are non-fatal to mammals but are highly insecticidal. We also studied the effects of these compounds, on egg-to-pupa survival, pupation time, and pupal size in five Drosophila species, D. bizonata (the dominant species of "breeding fauna" in A. ibotengutake basidiocarps), D.angularis, D.brachynephros, D.immigrans, and D.melanogaster. The first three species are mycophagous and use a wide range of mushrooms for breeding, whereas D.immigrans and D.melanogaster are frugivorous. We reared fly larvae on artificial medium with 500,250,125, and 62.5 (μg/ml) of ibotenic acid and/or musimol. The three mycophagous species were not susceptible to ibotenic acid, whereas the two frugivorous species were affected. Less