Vegetation response to Glacial/Interglacial cycles for the last 400,000 years.

在冰期（MIS 4、6、8、10、12），神吉盆地周边主要发育松类针叶林，间冰期以落叶乔木（Fagus crenata）和栎亚属（Quercus Lepidobalanus）和温带针叶林（Cryptomeria japonica, Sciadopitys verticillata，柏科）为主。青冈栎亚属树木在各间冰期高峰均有所增加。但不同冰期松针叶林的优势类群存在差异，青冈栎亚属在第7和第9冰期的扩展有限。通过比较上吉盆地、Biwa湖（Takashima-oki核心）和Kurota低地末次间冰期（MIS 5e）以来的花粉记录，了解近基地区的区域植被格局。末次间冰期前半期，落叶阔叶林主要以油革和栎亚属为主，后半期则以附着木为主，而青冈栎亚属则略有增加。然而，与全新世相比，环青冈栎亚属的扩张较少。Hayashi et al.（2009, 2010）认为末次间冰期青冈栎亚属的扩张和MIS 5期柳杉的波动与日照变化有关，东亚季风和季节气候的变化与日照变化有关，对近基地区周边植被产生影响。MIS 4在寒冷干燥的气候条件下，在神吉盆地周围发育了由松亚属Haploxylon、Tsuga和Picea组成的松针叶林。由落叶阔叶树、温带针叶树和松针叶树组成的混交林在MIS 3期间得到扩展。在此期间，日本海沿海地区以日本杉木为优势种，内陆地区以柏科为优势种

Pinaceous conifer forests developed around Kamiyoshi Basin during the glacial periods (MIS 4, 6, 8, 10, 12), whereas deciduous trees mainly composed of Fagus crenata and Quercus subgenus Lepidobalanus and temperate conifer trees, such as Cryptomeria japonica, Sciadopitys verticillata, and Cupressaceae trees, were dominant during the interglacial periods. Also, Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees increased in the peaks of the each interglacial. However, dominant taxa in the pinaceous conifer forests during the glacial periods were different in the each glacial, and expansions of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees during MIS 7 and 9 were limited. Pollen records since the last interglacial (MIS 5e) from Kamiyoshi Basin, Lake Biwa (Takashima-oki core) and Kurota Lowland were compared for understanding the regional vegetation patterns in the Kinki region. In the first half of the last interglacial, deciduous broad-leaved forests composed mainly of Fagus crenata and Quercus subgenus L … More epidobalanus developed, and Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees increased a little in the second half. However, the expansion of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees was less than in the Holocene. Hayashi et al. (2009, 2010) suggested the expansion of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees during the last interglacial and fluctuations of Cryptomeria japonica during MIS 5 were correlated with insolation changes, and changes of the East Asian monsoon and seasonal climate contrasts related to the insolation changes affected on the vegetation around the Kinki region. In MIS 4, pinaceous conifer forests composed of Pinus subgenus Haploxylon, Tsuga, and Picea developed around Kamiyoshi Basin under a cold and dry climate. Mixed forests composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees, temperate conifers, and pinaceous conifers expanded during MIS 3. Meanwhile, C. japonica was dominant in the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan during this period, and Cupressaceae trees were the dominant species in the inland area Less