Vegetation response to Glacial/Interglacial cycles for the last 400,000 years.

冰期（MIS 4、6、8、10、12）期间，上吉盆地周边发育松科针叶林，间冰期以水青冈、鳞叶栎亚属为主的落叶乔木和柳杉、轮叶松、柏科等温带针叶树为主。此外，青冈栎亚属树木在各间冰期的山峰上有所增加。然而，冰期松科针叶林的优势类群在各次冰期不同，并且栎属青冈树在MIS 7和9期间的扩张受到限制。对上吉盆地、琵琶湖（高岛大木核心）和黑田低地自末次间冰期（MIS 5e）以来的花粉记录进行比较，以了解近畿地区的区域植被格局。末次间冰期前半期，以水青冈和栎树亚属为主的落叶阔叶林发育，后半期青冈栎亚属树木略有增加。然而，青冈栎亚属树木的扩张程度比全新世要少。林等人。 (2009, 2010) 认为，末次间冰期期间栎属青冈树的扩张和 MIS 5 期间柳杉的波动与日照变化有关，东亚季风和季节气候对比的变化与影响近畿地区植被的日照变化有关。在MIS 4中，在寒冷干燥的气候下，上吉盆地周围发育了由松属、铁杉和云杉组成的松科针叶林。 MIS 3期间落叶阔叶树、温带针叶树和松科针叶树的混交林扩大。同时，这一时期日本海沿岸地区以国槐为优势树种，内陆地区以柏科树为优势树种。

Pinaceous conifer forests developed around Kamiyoshi Basin during the glacial periods (MIS 4, 6, 8, 10, 12), whereas deciduous trees mainly composed of Fagus crenata and Quercus subgenus Lepidobalanus and temperate conifer trees, such as Cryptomeria japonica, Sciadopitys verticillata, and Cupressaceae trees, were dominant during the interglacial periods. Also, Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees increased in the peaks of the each interglacial. However, dominant taxa in the pinaceous conifer forests during the glacial periods were different in the each glacial, and expansions of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees during MIS 7 and 9 were limited. Pollen records since the last interglacial (MIS 5e) from Kamiyoshi Basin, Lake Biwa (Takashima-oki core) and Kurota Lowland were compared for understanding the regional vegetation patterns in the Kinki region. In the first half of the last interglacial, deciduous broad-leaved forests composed mainly of Fagus crenata and Quercus subgenus L … More epidobalanus developed, and Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees increased a little in the second half. However, the expansion of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees was less than in the Holocene. Hayashi et al. (2009, 2010) suggested the expansion of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees during the last interglacial and fluctuations of Cryptomeria japonica during MIS 5 were correlated with insolation changes, and changes of the East Asian monsoon and seasonal climate contrasts related to the insolation changes affected on the vegetation around the Kinki region. In MIS 4, pinaceous conifer forests composed of Pinus subgenus Haploxylon, Tsuga, and Picea developed around Kamiyoshi Basin under a cold and dry climate. Mixed forests composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees, temperate conifers, and pinaceous conifers expanded during MIS 3. Meanwhile, C. japonica was dominant in the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan during this period, and Cupressaceae trees were the dominant species in the inland area Less