High-throughput screening of novel malaria vaccine candidates using human immune sera

疟疾仍然是居住在热带国家的人类发病和死亡的主要原因之一。有证据表明，恶性疟原虫对化疗药物的抗药性不断增强，这凸显了对有效疫苗的迫切需要。在疟疾基因组数据库建立后，我们现在可以免费访问基因组数据来搜索新的候选疫苗。然而，疟疾疫苗研究的瓶颈之一是用常规方法表达重组蛋白的难度。我们将一种基于小麦胚芽无细胞体系的高通量蛋白质生产方法应用于疟疾疫苗的研究。为了筛选新的疟疾疫苗候选基因，我们选择并克隆了180多个预期在裂殖子阶段表达的基因，然后通过基于聚合酶链式反应的高通量程序制备转录模板，然后利用小麦生殖细胞无细胞系统合成蛋白质。利用这种方法，我们成功地获得了149个重组裂殖子蛋白。同时，我们成功地从泰国和缅甸边境的无症状村民那里获得了大约30份人免疫血清，从泰国曼谷的医院获得了大约30份有症状的疟疾患者血清。这项研究中使用的所有人类血清样本都经过了泰国公共卫生部和日本爱慕大学制度伦理委员会的审查和批准。最后，我们尝试用5例疟疾免疫血清通过ELISA筛选这些重组蛋白来鉴定新的疟疾疫苗候选。作为初步筛选的结果，我们确定了10个裂殖子蛋白作为抗原。因此，这一利用小麦胚芽无细胞系统的策略将是新型疟疾疫苗候选发现研究的重大突破。

Malaria remains one of the leading causes of both morbidity and mortality in humans residing in the tropical countries. The evidence of increasing resistance of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite to chemotherapeutic agents highlights the critical need for an effective vaccine. After the establishment of malaria genome database, we have now free access to the genome data to search for novel vaccine candidates. However, one of the bottlenecks for the malaria vaccine research is the difficulty of the recombinant protein expression using conventional methods. We applied a high-throughput protein production method based on the wheat germ cell-free system to the malaria vaccine research. To identify novel malaria vaccine candidates, we selected and cloned more than 180 genes which are expected to be expressed in merozoite stage, then prepared transcription templates through PCR-based high throughput procedures, followed by protein synthesis by wheat germ cell-free system. Using this approach, we succeeded in obtaining 149 recombinant merozoite proteins. At the same time, we successfully obtained approximately 30 human immune sera from asymptomatic villagers living along the Thai-Myanmar border, and approximately 30 symptomatic malaria patient sera from hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. All human serum samples used in this study were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Thai Ministry of Public Health and of the Ehime University, Japan. Finally, we tried to screen these recombinant proteins for identifying novel malaria vaccine candidates with five cases of the malaria immune sera by ELISA. As a result of this preliminary screening, we identified ten merozoite proteins as antigens. Accordingly, this strategy using wheat germ cell-free system will be a major breakthrough in the novel malaria vaccine candidate discovery research.