Studies on the ultrasonic system which can obtain biological information of soft tissues under human skull and hones

我们对能够获取人体头盖骨下软组织生物信息的超声系统进行了如下研究。(1)经颅超声：诊断成像系统是脑部诊断的必备工具。经颅超声仅能对人头部太阳穴区域的颅内血流和脑组织进行无创实时成像。然而，超声在颅骨内引起衰减、分散和折射，因此超声不能从任意位置提供经颅脑表面图像。首先，我们提出了一种考虑超声折射的成像系统。我们用亚克力板模拟颅骨，用带沟的钢板模拟脑沟，进行了实验。首先利用模糊逻辑计算亚克力板的厚度。然后计算超声波的折射角，并根据超声波的折射对图像进行校正。应用该方法，可以在5.57%的平均误差率下确定钢沟宽度，在3.39%的平均误差率下确定钢沟深度。其次，我们用牛肩胛骨模拟颅骨，用生物假体模拟脑沟进行实验。在我们想象了肩胛骨的形状之后，我们掌握了肩胛骨表面的形状。然后我们消除了延迟和折射波的多重回波。我们利用模糊推理计算肩胛骨的厚度。因此，我们计算了超声波的折射角，并根据超声波的折射将图像可视化。应用该方法可以估计出肩胛骨各点的厚度，并成功地实现了幻影表面图像的可视化。(2)人工培养骨细胞数量的超声估测系统在再生医学领域，由于人体对大型骨缺损的自然愈合无法治愈，由于骨肿瘤和骨折引起的大型骨缺损采用填充材料进行治疗。近年来，人工培养骨与骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）的复合材料有望有效治疗大型骨缺损。人工骨与人骨有很高的亲和力。骨髓间充质干细胞是一种间充质干细胞，可以分化为多种细胞类型，如成骨细胞、成肌细胞、成脂肪细胞等。在本研究中，我们描述了一种新的人工培养骨细胞数量估算系统。本系统采用超声设备，具有对人骨和人工骨无创、实时扫描、价格低廉等优点。在我们的研究中，我们使用1.0 MHz中心频率的超声波卡尺探头。我们尝试了两种估计细胞数量的方法：多元回归模型和模糊推理。从所获得的超声中提取两个特征提供了这些方法和计算量。结果表明，模糊推理能够在较高的灵敏度范围内评价细胞数量。(3)手术支持系统：本文介绍了一种利用超声系统对硬组织进行低创医疗支持的系统。目前，x射线计算机断层扫描（CT）系统是最流行的医疗支持系统之一，用于观察硬组织下或内部。然而，x射线CT系统存在严重的x射线暴露问题。因此，我们提出了三种医疗支持系统，利用超声系统被称为低侵入性骨医疗系统。我们提出了一种超声系统来识别髓内钉内骨螺钉孔的位置。利用超声波强度平均值和强度方差的模糊推理来确定螺孔位置。结果表明，超声系统对髓内钉的诊断精度为1.43 mm。它成功地将螺钉插入螺钉孔。少

We studied the followings on the ultrasonic system which can obtain biological information of soft tissues under human skull and bones.(1) Transcranial Sonography : Diagnostic imaging system is a necessity for brain diagnosis. Transcranial Ultrasonography can non-invasively image the intracranial blood flow and brain tissue in real time from only temple area of human head. However, the ultrasonic wave causes attenuation, decentration, and refraction in the skull, so the ultrasonography can not provide the transcranial brain surface image from arbitrary place.First, we propose an imaging system by considering ultrasonic refraction. We do an experiment by using acrylic boards to imitate the skull bone and a steel with ditch to imitate cerebral sulcus. We first calculate the thickness of acrylic boards by using fuzzy logic. We next calculate the refractive angle of ultrasonic wave and revise the image referring to the refraction of ultrasonic wave. In the result of applying this method, w … More e can determine width of the steel ditch at 5.57% of mean error ratio, and depth of the steel ditch at 3.39% of mean error ratio. Second, we do an experiment by using a cow scapula to imitate the skull bone and a biological phantom to imitate the cerebral sulcus. After we visualize the shape of scapula, we grasp the shape of scapula surface. We then remove the delay and the multi echoes of refracted wave. We calculate the thickness of the scapula by using fuzzy inference. Consequently, we calculate the refractive angle of ultrasonic wave and visualize the image referring to the refraction of ultrasonic wave. In the result of applying our method, we can estimate the thickness of scapula at all points, and successfully visualize the phantom surface image.(2) An Ultrasonic Estimation System for Cellular Quantity of Artificial Culture BoneIn the field of regenerative medicine, large bone defects caused by bone tourmor and bone fracture are treated by using filling materials because human natural healing is untreatable to the large bone defects. In these years, the composite of artificial culture bone and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is hoped to be effective in treating the large defects. The artificial bone has high affinity with human bone. BMSCs are mesenchymal stem cells that are possible to differentiate into a variety of cell type, osteoblast myogenic, adipogenic cells and more. In this study, we describe a novel estimation system for cellular quantity of artificial culture bone. Our system uses ultrasound device that has some advantages, non invasive for human bone and artificial bone, real-time scanning and inexpensive. In our study, we use ultrasonic caliper probe with 1.0 MHz center frequency. We attempt two approaches for estimation of cellular quantity : Multiple regression model and fuzzy inference. Two features extracted from obtained ultrasound provide these approaches and calculate quantity. As a result, especially fuzzy inference was able to evaluate the cellular quantity within high sensitivity.(3) Surgery support system :This paper describes a low-invasive medical support system for hard tissue by using ultrasonography system. Currently, X-ray computed tomography (CT) system is one of the most popular medical support systems used to visualize under or internal hard tissue. However, X-ray CT system has a serious problem of X-ray exposure. Therefore, we propose three medical support systems by using ultrasonic system being well known as the low-invasive medical system for the bone.We propose an ultrasonography system to identify the screw hole positon of the intramedullary nail internal bone. The screw hole position is determined by applying fuzzy inference of the average of the intensity and the variance of the intensity to ultrasonic waves. As the results, the accuracy of the ultrasonography system of the intramedullary nail was 1.43 mm. It successfully inserted the screw to the screw holes. Less