Phylogenetic, morphometric and behaviological analysis of the Asian crucian carps and the goldfish

1)我们已经到达荷兰莱顿的国家自然历史博物馆，并检查和测量了由冯·西博尔德和Buexger收集的日本鲫鱼的模式标本。虽然我们已经鉴定了Carassius cuvieri，C. langsdorfii和C. grandculis、Gengorobuna、Ginbuna和Nigorobuna等，我们注意到C. buergeri可能包括冲绳/Nagabuna。因此，本研究对日本和韩国采集的47份野生鲫鱼标本和部分金鱼品种进行了形态计量学特征、线粒体DNA（mtDNA）和倍性分析，以探讨日本鲫鱼的系统发育关系。基于线粒体ND 4/ND 5区约3,400 bp序列构建的系统发育图清楚地表明，日本和朝鲜鲫鱼动物群可分为3个主要类群：1.韩国冲绳-金鱼掸子，2.杜氏圆吻脂鲤 关于我们 之三和3.日本主集群。在第三个星群中，可以识别出三个亚星群，即东北、中部和南部的日本星群。该分组可分别由金布纳、长部/Nigorobuna和冲绳代表。倍性测定结果表明，属Gengorobuna类群的鱼类均为二倍体，而属Gengorobuna类群的鱼类为二倍体/三倍体复合体。有趣的是，每个亚群中的两种倍性类型具有非常相似的mtDNA，这不仅强烈表明它们的性间相互作用，而且还表明基因。3）这项研究还可能为金鱼是否起源于大陆祖先以及日本特有的鲫鱼是否应该有自己的学名等问题提供真实的答案。4）根据经验，金鱼是秃头的，鲫鱼是害羞的。我们发现，鱼的个体反应性可以通过游泳道测试来测量。然后，在从所选鱼类脑中提取的mRNA中寻找行为差异的分子背景。少

1) We have arrived at the National Museum of Natural History at Leiden, Netherlands, and inspected and measured type-specimens of Japanese crucian carp collected by von Siebold and Buexger. Although we have identified Carassius cuvieri, C. langsdorfii and C. grandculis, as Gengorobuna, Ginbuna and Nigorobuna, respectively, we noticed a possibility that a type-series of C. buergeri might include Okinbuna/Nagabuna. This survey indicated that the classification of Japanese Carassius species is still incomplete.2) Thereupon, we examined 47 wild Carassius specimens collected at Japan and Korea and some varieties of goldfish, for the phylogenetic relationship by analyzing the morphometric characteristics, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ploidy. Phylogenetic denclrograms constructed based on approximately 3,400 bp, sequences of mtDNA ND4/ND5 region dearly demonstrated that Japanese and Korean Carassius fauna consists of three major clusters,; 1. Korea-Okinawa-goldfish duster, 2. Gengorobuna dus … More ter and 3. Japanese main cluster. Among the third duster, three sub-duster can be recognized, namely the north-east, central and southern Japanese ones. The sub-cluster could be represented by Kinbuna, Nagabuna/Nigorobuna and Okinbuna, respectively. Ploidy tests showed that fishes classified into the Gengorobuna cluster were all diploid, but the others diploid/triploid complex. Interestingly, the two ploidy types in each sub-cluster shared with extremely similar mtDNA, strongly indicating not only their inter-sexual interactions, but also gene. exchanges might have been occurring between them within each habitat.3) The study also might provide real answers to questions whether goldfish were originated from a continental ancestor and whether the Japanese endemic Carassius species should be given their own scientific names.4) It is empirically told that goldfish is bald and crucian carp is shy. We showed that the individual reactivity of fish could be measured by a swimway test. Then, molecular backgrounds of the behavioral difference were sought in mRNAs extracted from the brain of selected fish. Less