Aspects of Technique in the instrumental study in the 19th century

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Technique ist the keyword to the understanding of the 19^<th> century music. This century was possessed by the idea of progress by means of technical inventions. One of such examples is the prevalence of the piano etude, exercises,uebungen etc. In this research we collected and analysed many piano books published in the 19th century The idea of strengthening finger-muscles by means of mechanical training was the product of this century While at the beginning of the 19^<th> century the systematic methode still lacked (Cramer, Clementi, Czerny etc), in the latter half of it many systematized finger-drills were published like Pischna or Hanon.