A Study on application of Competitive Mechanisms in Public Management

本研究围绕竞争机制在公共管理中的应用，从经济学的理论观点、私人融资的现状、问题和政策建议、市场检验的现状和问题三个方面进行了分析，提出公共产品和服务应该由公共部门提供的经济学理论观点。然而，基于交易成本理论，公共产品和服务的外部供给将由资产的不确定性、专用性和市场可竞争性来证明，在公共部门比较指标的计算中，使用贴现率计算生命周期成本，以计算其净现值。然而，贴现率的应用有利于PFI，因为资本支出被转换为25-30年内每年的服务付款。此外，成功的基本工程项目是否需要私人融资，以及是否应考虑公共财政以取得更高的性价比，这一点尚不清楚。在市场测试方面，了解两种计算公共部门内部成本的方法非常重要：一种是完全分配成本法，另一种是可避免成本法。全额成本包括可避免成本和不可避免成本。如果一个地方政府需要实际的成本节约，可避免成本法比完全成本法更好，因为完全成本法包括不可避免的成本。此外，在日本，预算是以现金为基础的，计算的成本包括名义应计成本，如退休津贴和资本资产折旧。这意味着，由于比较公共和私人成本而节省的成本将不会实现。

In this study, concerning application of Competitive Mechanisms in Public Management, analyses of three main topics such as theoretical points of view in economics, current situation, problems, and policy proposals of PFI (Private Finance Initiative), and current situation and problems of market testing are shown.Regarding theoretical points of view in economics, public goods and services should be supplied by public sector. However, based on transaction cost theory, external supply of public goods and services will be justified by uncertainty, specificity of assets, and market contestability.Concerning PFI, in calculation of public sector comparator, discount rate is used for life cycle cost to calculate net present value of it. However, application of discount rate is in favor of PFI because capital expenditures are transformed to every year's payments for services for 25-30 years. In addition, it is unclear whether private finance is necessary for successful capital projects, and public finance should be considered for better value for money.Regarding market testing, it is very important to understand two methods of calculation for in-house costs in the public sector: one is fully allocated costs approach and another is avoidable costs approach. Full costs consist of avoidable costs and unavoidable costs. If a local government needs actual cost savings, avoidable costs approach is better than full cost approach because full costs include unavoidable costs. In addition, in Japan, budget is cash-basis and calculated costs include notional accrual costs such as retirement allowances and depreciations of capital assets. This means that cost savings as a result of comparison of public and private costs will not be realized.