The verbal overshadowing effect in face memory : The conditions where it occurs, and its mechanisms

例如，在目击者的排列决定中，根据记忆口头描述目标面孔对后续的识别任务有什么影响？一些实验研究发现了干扰效应(言语遮蔽效应)，而另一些研究发现了促进效应或没有影响。本研究的目的是考察影响言语描述对人脸识别效果的变量。本研究基于Beas模型(Itoh，2005)进行了三项研究：假设口语化在整体、非分析性记忆占优势时干扰面孔识别，在局部和分析性记忆占优势时促进面孔记忆，在记忆较差时促进部分和分析性记忆，例如由于较长的保持间隔。研究一通过使用复合面孔的再认实验发现，较长的保持间隔使面孔记忆的部分和分析性记忆占优势。研究还表明，这种倾向是由任务引发的一种心理环境引起的。前者的发现支持Beas模型，而后者则不支持。可能需要更多数据才能进行进一步讨论。第二项研究表明，自愿的语言描述干扰了面孔记忆，尽管语言描述并不是明确要求的。我们现在正在计划一项研究，以检验言语活动是否真的与这一现象有关。第三项研究检验了Beas模型的假设，该模型敦促任务使用纳旺图形进行整体的、非分析的或部分的分析处理。在这项研究中，使用了脸部以外的材料(云图和指纹)。虽然已经获得了一些可能支持模型假设的数据，但我们需要更多的数据，并正在继续进行研究，以使结论更加可靠。

What is the effect of verbally describing a target face from memory on succeeding recognition task, for example, in an eyewitness' line-up decision? Some experimental research found interfering effects (verbal overshadowing effects) whereas others found facilitating effects or no effects. The purpose of this research is to examine the variables that influence the effects of verbal description on face recognition. Three researches were conducted based on the BEAS model (Itoh, 2005) that hypothesized verbalization interfered with face recognition when the holistic, non-analytical aspects of memory were dominant whereas it facilitated face memory when the partial and analytical aspects were dominant, and the partial and analytic aspects were dominant when memory was poor, for example, because of a long retention interval.The first research revealed that a long retention interval made the partial and analytic aspects of face memory dominant through recognition experiments using compound faces. It also suggested that a kind of mental settings elicited by the task caused this tendency. The former finding supports the BEAS model whereas the latter does not. More data may be needed for further discussion. The second research suggested that voluntary verbal description interfered with face memory even though verbal description was not required explicitly. We are now planning a research to examine if verbal activity actually is involved in this phenomenon. The third research examined the hypotheses of the BEAS model urging holistic, non-analytic or partial, analytic processing by a task using Navon figures. In this research, materials other than faces (pictures of cloud and finger prints)were used. Although some data that may support the hypotheses of the model were obtained, we need more data and are continuing the research to make the conclusions firmer.