Comparison of Energy and CO2 Emission Policy in the OECD Countries from aspects of Environmental Macro Model

收集了OECD国家1960年至2003年期间的人口、GDP(基于购买力平价)、一次能源消耗和二氧化碳排放的时间序列数据，并利用这些数据分析了每个国家对全球变暖影响的环境负荷。除2000年至2003年外，每隔10年计算人均国内生产总值、一次能源消费和二氧化碳排放量、单位国内生产总值一次能源消费和单位一次能源消费二氧化碳排放量等指标。通过聚类分析，从环境负荷角度对OECD国家进行分组的结果如下：1)挪威、瑞典、瑞士和法国等国从1960年开始一直保持较低的能源消耗和较低的二氧化碳排放。2)比利时、丹麦、德国、荷兰、英国等国单位国内生产总值能耗低，单位能耗二氧化碳排放量高。3)卢森堡、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚能源消耗和二氧化碳排放量长期保持在较高水平。4)日本、韩国、芬兰、新西兰和意大利直到20世纪80年代，能源消耗和二氧化碳排放量都保持在较低水平。但1990年后，值得注意的是，这些国家的能源消耗和二氧化碳排放量都在增加。上述分析表明，所使用的指标有效地反映了各国的经济、能源政策和产业结构，可以评估各国的环境影响。

Time series data of population, GDP (based on purchasing power parities), primary energy consumption, and CO2 emission for the duration from 1960 to 2003 for OECD countries were collected and used to analyze the environmental loadings of each country to the global warming impacts. Indices, such as per capita value of GDP, primary energy consumption, and CO2 emission, primary energy consumption per unit GDP, and CO2 emission per unit primary energy consumptions, were calculated for each 10 years interval except since 2000 to 2003. By using the cluster analysis, results of groupings of OECD countries from aspect of environmental loadings were described as follows.1) Following countries as Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and France kept lower energy consumption and lower CO2 emission through all years from 1960. It is confirmed that in these countries energy sources have been transferred to water power or nuclear power.2) In the countries of Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, and England, it is summarized that energy consumption per GDP is low but CO2 emission per unit energy consumption is high.3) Both energy consumption and CO2 emission have been kept high level in Luxemburg, USA, Canada, and Australia for long years.4) In Japan, Korea, Finland, New Zealand and Italy, energy consumption and CO2 emission were kept rather low until 1980s. But after 1990, it is noticeable that energy consumption and CO2 emission are coming bigger in these countries.The above analysis shows that the indices used here reflect effectively the economic and energy policies and industrial structure of each country, and are usable to access the environmental impacts from each country.