Reduction of oral carriage of periodontal bacteria by the use of the induction of beta defensin through molecular pattern recognition into saliva

目的：在一项初步研究中，我们注意到柠檬酸具有诱导唾液中人β防御素(HBD-2)的效力。由于hBDS被认为通过抑制关键的牙周病原体来改善牙周疾病，我们开发了一种含有柠檬酸的口香糖(CA-GUM)来验证这一假设。本文报道了CA胶对牙周三种主要病原菌：中间普氏杆菌(PI)、连翘坦纳氏菌(Tf)、齿密螺旋体(Td)和梭杆菌(Fb)的影响。方法：采用随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验，共进行了14天。每个受试者被允许不规律地咀嚼CA口香糖(31名受试者)或安慰剂口香糖(30名受试者)，但被指示每天至少吃三片口香糖。无一例有活动性龋齿、牙周炎或牙周病症状、吸烟史或同时服药。为了确定可能的病原体的口腔携带水平，以标准方式通过石蜡咀嚼收集每个受试者的唾液，并测定培养微生物总数(CFU)。结果：与安慰剂口香糖组相比，CA口香糖组唾液中的中间普氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和梭杆菌的含量显著降低。在他们的唾液中。(Wilcoxon t-test；p&lt；0.01)。然而，咀嚼任何一种类型的口香糖都不会影响唾液中总培养细菌的携带(Wilcoxon t-test；p&gt；0.05)。结论：饮用柠檬酸口香糖可显著降低唾液中牙周致病菌的负担。

Objective: In a preliminary study, we noted that citric acid has the potency to induce human beta defensins (hBD-2) in salivary secretions. As hBDs are thought to ameliorate periodontal disease by suppressing key periodontal pathogens we developed a citric acid-containing chewing gum (CA-gum) to test this hypothesis. Here we report, the effect of CA-gum on three major periodontal pathogens Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td) and Fusobacterium species (Fb).Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 61 individuals, was conducted over 14 days. Each subject was allowed to chew CA-gum (31 subjects) or placebo gum (30 subjects) at irregular intervals, but was instructed to eat at least three pieces of gum a day. None had active caries, symptoms of gingivitis or periodontal disease, smoking history, or concurrent medication. To determine the levels of oral carriage of the putative pathogens, saliva was collected from each subject by paraffin chewing in a standard manner and, the number of total cultivative microorganisms (CFUs) determined. Five key periodontal pathogens, Pg, Pi, TI Td and Fb present in saliva were determined quantitatively using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (BML Inc., Saitama, JAPAN).Results: Compared with the placebo chewing gum group the CA-gum group had significantly lower levels of Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium spp. in their saliva. (Wilcoxon t-test; p<0.01). However, chewing of either type of gum did not affect the salivary carriage of total cultivative bacteria (Wilcoxon t-test; p>0.05). Conclusion: Consumption of citric acid-laced chewing gum reduces significantly the burden of periodontal pathogens in saliva.