Distribution, origin and evolution of Fasciola japonicum in eastern Asia

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Parthenogenic Fasciola species have been known in Japan and Korea. The present study showed that parthenogenic Fasciola sp. also distributed in Vietnam and mainland China, suggesting occurrence throughout Asian countries. Molecular and phylogenical studies based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS1) and mitochondrial DNA (NDI gene) suggested that parthenogenic Fasciola forms came into existence by resulting from interspecific hybridyzation between F.hepatica and F.gigantica and following backcross with the two species, and that they acquired the ability of parthenogenesis. New born parthenogenic Fasciola forms spread out with final hosts such as domestic cattle into neighboring counties as Korea and Japan in the east and Vietnam in the south.