Flaubert's Literature and Sciences of the 19th Century

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The story of Madame Bovary is on the basis of Flaubert's medical knowledge. Furthermore, his posthumous work, Bouvard et Pecuchet reveals the weakness of the 19^<th>-Century natural science, including medicine. Flaubert, in the course of the quick development of sciences, produces path-breaking literature. The scene of "space" in La Tentation de Saint Antoine is revised three times. The 1849 and the 1856 editions illustrate his commitment to Descartes' dualism and Spinoza's monism. In the final version, he regards the mythological religious order before the Enlightenment as "the art predicting sciences".