Traders of International Business in East Asia and their Wide Network Formation in the Pre-modern Era

主要研究者李华对18-19世纪在日本、中国和东南亚海域活动的中国舢板商人（土森商人）进行了调查。她分析了商人的类型、地点、贸易组织、港口、商人的活动及其与清朝政策的关系。她还指出，最初是官商和民间商人从事对日贸易，但江浙民间商人逐渐采取主动。研究还发现，随着清政府对南亚贸易限制的放宽，福建商人集团在被迫退出日本铜贸易后，加强了向东南亚的进军。合作研究者高雅库以明代福建地区为例，阐明了巡监司监督沿海地区治安和当地人民生产活动的制度。

Li Hua, the main researcher, conducted investigations on Chinese junk-ship traders (Tousen traders) who operated in the sea area of Japan, China, and Southeast Asia during 18-19th century. She analyzed types of traders, their locality, trade organizations, ports, traders' activities, and their relation with Qing dynasty policies. She also illuminated that official and private traders engaged in trade with Japan at first but private traders of Jiangsu and Zhejiang gradually took the initiative. It is also revealed in her research that after forced out from Japanese Copper trade, trader groups of Fujian strengthened their advance toward Southeast Asia, with the Qing government's easing their restriction on trade with South Asia.Go Yaku, co-researcher, clarified the system of Xunjiansi who supervises the security on the coastal area and production activities of local people, taking as an example the area of Fujian during Ming period.