Training of sense of direction : Spatial thinking at the geographic scale and its trainability

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Results from this research showed that differences in the methods of presenting route information (absolute vs. relative reference frames, maps vs. pictures) affect the ease of spatial orientation, especially for people with low spatial ability or a poor sense of direction. These results suggest possible ways to develop effective navigation systems, and point to the possibility of training the user's ability to orient in space (or the user's sense of direction) through practice with presentation formats that pose difficulty.