Human rights protection between private individuals in France

本研究的中心问题是揭示法国普通法院不仅在处理公民个人与公共当局之间的冲突时，而且在处理个人之间的冲突时，都适用宪法规范。在法国劳动法中，我们可以找到大量基于宪法集团的平等原则的适用例子。这些简单的应用并不总是意味着宪法原则在保护基本权利方面发挥积极作用，但是，法国普通法院显然认为宪法基本权利适用于私人关系，这一研究还表明，关于宪法基本权利是否适用于私人之间的纠纷的古老的日本法理问题在法国并不适用委员会注意到，由于司法制度的不同，在这一背景下，性别平等问题日益严重，最近的变化，如将性别平等扩大到私人领域以及直接对个人实施的环境宪章，都支持将“宪法”作为全方位规范。

The central issue for this research project is to reveal that the French ordinary judicial courts apply the constitutional norms not only to conflits between private citizens and public authorities, but also to cases between private individuals.In French labor case law, we can find abundant examples of applications of the equality principle grounded in the constitutional bloc. These simple applications don't always mean that the constitutional principles fill an active role for protection of fundamental rights, but it is obvious that the French ordinary courts regard the constitutionl fundamental rights as applicable in private relations.This research shows also that the old japanese doctrinal question which consists in asking if the constitutional fundamental rights apply to disputes between private individuals does not fit in French context because of diffenrences in the judicial system and that the recent changes, such as the extension of gender parity(la parite) to private sphere and the environmental charter directly imposed to private individuals, support the Constitution as omni-directional norm.