Human rights protection between private individuals in France

这一研究项目的中心问题是揭示法国普通司法法院不仅适用于普通公民和公共当局之间的冲突，而且适用于私人之间的案件。在法国劳工判例法中，我们可以找到大量平等原则适用于宪法集团的例子。这些简单的应用并不总是意味着宪法原则对基本权利的保护起到了积极的作用，但很明显，法国普通法院认为宪法基本权利适用于私人关系。这项研究还表明，日本古老的教义问题--询问宪法基本权利是否适用于私人之间的争端--由于司法制度的不同而不适合法国背景，最近的变化，如将性别平等延伸到私人领域和直接强加给私人的环境宪章，支持宪法是全方位的规范。

The central issue for this research project is to reveal that the French ordinary judicial courts apply the constitutional norms not only to conflits between private citizens and public authorities, but also to cases between private individuals.In French labor case law, we can find abundant examples of applications of the equality principle grounded in the constitutional bloc. These simple applications don't always mean that the constitutional principles fill an active role for protection of fundamental rights, but it is obvious that the French ordinary courts regard the constitutionl fundamental rights as applicable in private relations.This research shows also that the old japanese doctrinal question which consists in asking if the constitutional fundamental rights apply to disputes between private individuals does not fit in French context because of diffenrences in the judicial system and that the recent changes, such as the extension of gender parity(la parite) to private sphere and the environmental charter directly imposed to private individuals, support the Constitution as omni-directional norm.