Mathematical formulation of bioheat transfer based on the volume averaging theory, and its development and verification of the multi-scale analytical model

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The effects of the blood perfusion on the effective thermal conductivity of the human tissue were investigated experimentally. The blood perfusion rate was controlled by externally pressurizing the tissue using a blood pressure cuff. The blood velocity under the skin was measured by a blood flow LDV, while the perfusion units and skin surface temperature distribution were monitored using a thermograph, digital thermometer unit and blood flow image sensor system. As for a theoretical investigation, a new bioheat equation was derived using a volume averaging theory and was used to investigate the effects of the blood perfusion rate on the temperature within the tissue. The predicted temperature based on a multi-scale analytical model is found to agree well with the measured temperature, substantiating the validity of the proposed bioheat equation for the tissue.