Chloroplast phylogenomics to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of major taxonomic groups in bryophytes

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Chloroplast genomes of seven mosses, two liverworts and one hornworts species were newly sequenced. Comparison of the chloroplast genomes showed that T. lepidozioides had the largest cp genome in the mosses and the gene content was almost identical to those of liverworts and hornworts. Some gene-loss events through the evolution were indicated to be effective for considering the relationships of major moss lineages.In addition, we firstly detected linear and circular DNA molecules of chloroplast genome in a Sphagnum moss. Some larger molecules seem to be derived from multimeric conformations of single genomes. The occurrence of linear and multimeric molecules also have been known in some flowering plants. Such structural plasticity of the chloroplast genome seems to be evolutionary conserved across land plants.