Study on the History of Medicine and Industrial Art related to the Manufacturing of Human Phantoms in Japan

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A copper doll is a human phantom showing points and meridians (paths of body energy flow) used in acupuncture and moxibustion. The most famous copper doll manufactured in Japan are preserved by the Tokyo National Museum. The most remarkable feature common to the copper doll designated as a Japanese national treasure is that there is a description that they were designed by Gensai Iimura. Copper dolls are often used as an indicator to show the high standard of medical expertise in Japan in the modern age. There are two missing perspectives in this conventional approach. One is a perspective on the circumstances and political meaning behind individual copper dolls. The other is the perspective from the industrial art history.