Preparation of functional hydrogels composed of filamentous viruses

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For the preparation of functional hydrogels composed of filamentous viruses, genetically engineered M13 bacteriophages (phages) and surface-modified gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were utilized. After mixing of the components under the suitable concentration condition, the mixed solutions were self-assembled into hydrogels. The phages and the GNPs in the hydrogels formed lyotropic liquid crystals and well-ordered fractal like network structures, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that mechanical strengths of the viral hydrogels were dependent on the specific molecular interactions between the phages and the GNPs. Furthermore, the hydrogels showed various functions such as self-repairing capabilities and responsiveness for existence of Escherichia coli.