Black holes in high and low mass bulges and bulge-less galaxies

这是一项利用ESO VLT的自适应光学近红外光谱仪SINFONI探测超大质量黑洞（SMBH）并测量其在具有伪凸起、非常低质量或高质量凸起或无凸起星系中心的质量的项目。在过去的十年里，我们已经了解到可能所有的椭圆和凸起都包含中心的SMBH。SMBH的质量与包含它们的凸起的质量（光度，因此是恒星质量）有很好的相关性，大约0.15%的凸起质量在SMBH中被发现。此外，超大质量黑洞的质量与膨胀体的速度弥散有很强的相关性。在目前的项目中，我们想要研究这些关系是否仍然有效，或者当考虑到具有伪凸起，非常低或非常高质量凸起或无凸起的星系时，它们是如何变化的。如果我们想要了解(a)长期演化和合并如何影响黑洞的生长，(b)种子黑洞是否可能存在于低σ星系中，(c)高质量椭圆星系是否有比其他星系大得多的黑洞，从而解释高红移处极其明亮的类星体的存在，这些天体类别就特别重要。我们投资了20个SINFONI夜晚，在项目结束时，我们将测量20多个星系的黑洞质量，并能够解决这些问题。

This is a project to detect super massive black holes (SMBH) and measure their masses at the centers of galaxies with pseudo-bulges, very low- or high mass bulges or bulge-less galaxies using the NIR spectrograph SINFONI at the ESO VLT with Adaptive Optics. Over the past decade we have learned that probably all ellipticals and bulges contain central SMBH. SMBH masses correlate well with the (luminosities, and therefore stellar) masses of the bulges harboring them, with about 0.15% of the bulge mass being found in the SMBH. In addition, there exists a very strong correlation of SMBH mass with the velocity dispersion of the bulge. With the present project we want to investigate whether these relations remain valid, or how they change, when galaxies with pseudo-bulges, very low- or very high-mass bulges or bulge-less galaxies are considered. These object classes are of particular importance if we want to understand (a) how secular evolution and merging influence the growth of black holes, (b) whether seed black holes may exist in low-σ galaxies, (c) whether high-mass ellipticals have much larger black holes than the rest, therefore explaining the existence of the extremely bright quasars at high redshifts. With our investment of 20 SINFONI nights, at the end of the project we will have measured black holes masses in more than 20 galaxies and be in a position to settle these questions.