The Changing Features of High School Student Subculture and Creer Formation

我们调查了18年前，也就是1979年调查过的高中。当时，通过高中考试成绩确定的以学业水平为基础的高中等级结构起到了“卡车系统”的作用。学生和运动员一样被划分为不同的课程。教师指导、学生亚文化、学生活动和职业形成因课程而异。然而，在过去的18年里，高中教育的情况发生了很大的变化。首先，教育思想发生了变化。个人主义（发展个人才能）和多元主义占了上风。第二，高中毕业生就业市场和高考形势都发生了变化。越来越多的高中生继续接受高等教育，入学考试变得不那么严格，形式更加多样化。第三，青年文化发生了变化，引入了新的举止和价值观。以下是我们的研究结果。首先，从职业形成的角度来看，卡车运输系统仍然存在。其次，教师对好学生角色的看法不再关注学生的课外纪律，而是更多地关注课堂学习。教师的观点因学校等级或卡车而差异减小。第三，1979年学生对学习的参与度更高，1997年则有所下降。他们学习不那么努力，认为学习的意义不大。第四，随着大学生升学率的提高，大学生择业的差异化因素也发生了变化。被调查的11所学校位于两个农村地区。对校长、学术指导主任、就业指导主任和学生活动主任进行了采访。同时，对二年级学生和全体教师进行问卷调查。

We surveyed same high schools which they had surveyed 18 years ago, in 1979. At the time, high school hierarchical structure based on academic level, determined through high school examination results, functioned as trucking system. Students were differentiated into courses just as athletes were. Teacher instruction, student subculture, student activity, and career formation differed according to their courses.However during the last 18 years, the circumstances of high school education has changed on a large scale. First, educational thoughts has changed. Individualism (developing individual talents) and pluralism have gained upper hand. Second, the situation both of high school graduate labor market and of college/university entrance examinations has changed. High school students increasingly go on to higher education, and the entrance examinations become less rigid, more versatile in form. Third, youth culture has changed, introducing new manners and values.The following are the findings of our research. First, trucking system still remains, judging from the point of career formation. Second, the teacher perspectives on the role of good student no longer concern the student's extramural discipline, and now concentrate more on classroom learning. The difference of the teacher perspectives according to the school rank or truck decreased. Third, students were more involved in learning in 1979, less so in 1997. They study less hard, seeing less significance in studying. Fourth, as the radio of the students go on to higher learning increased, the factors differentiating students' career also changed.The 11 schools were surveyed are located in two rural prefectures. Interviews were conducted with the headmasters and directors of academic guidance, career guidance and student activity. Also, questionnaires were distributed to and filled by second grade students and all teachers.