Integration von Zuwanderern der ersten und zweiten Generation in Frankreich und in Deutschland

该项目将来自法国和德国的研究人员联合起来，共同挑战确定移民经济融合的成功策略。新获得的数据将有助于对第一代和第二代移民的融合指标进行比较研究。法德两国的比较很有趣，因为可以在两个生活水平和劳动力市场法规相似的邻国观察到来自同一原籍国的移民群体，但传统上融入和入籍的方法不同。在项目的第一部分，我们提供了关于法国和德国的第一代和第二代移民融合的各种措施的描述性证据。除了工资和就业，我们也会考虑公共部门的就业、入籍和通婚。工资和就业等经济指标代表（经济）参与社会，而公共部门就业和入籍则是更深层次的融合信号，移民通过政治参与成为东道国的代表。异族通婚可能被视为融合的最有力形式之一。在项目的第二部分，我们建立在一个所谓的自然实验的基础上，该实验由最近德国公民立法的变化提供，以确定归化的因果影响。鉴于公民政策的趋同，确定入籍的影响尤为重要，即在德国放宽入籍，在法国收紧入籍。此外，提供更快获得公民身份的途径是一项先验的预算中立政策，而培训等干预方案并非如此。在第三部分，我们将重点放在公共部门的移民就业上。我们研究了为什么移民甚至第二代在这些工作中代表性不足。我们想知道这是否是雇佣歧视的结果。法国公务员招聘过程的特殊结构为调查移民在匿名书面和非匿名口头考试中的表现提供了机会。这里提出的研究与德国和法国当前的政策辩论高度相关，并将对实证经济学文献做出贡献。

This project unites researchers from France and Germany in a single challenge to determine successful strategies of economic integration of immigrants. Newly available data will allow a comparative study of integration indicators for first and second generation immigrants. The Franco-German comparison is interesting because immigrant groups from the same sending countries can be observed in two neighboring countries with similar living standards and labour market regulations, but with traditionally different approaches to integration and naturalization.In the first part of the project, we provide descriptive evidence on various measures of integration for first and second generation immigrants in France and Germany. Apart from wages and employment, we will also consider public sector employment, naturalization and intermarriage as outcomes. Whereas the economic measures of wages and employment stand for (economic) participation in society, public sector employment and naturalization are deeper signals of integration in that immigrants become representatives of the host country through political participation. Intermarriage might be seen as one of the strongest forms of integration.In the second part of the project, we build on a so-called natural experiment provided by a recent change in German legislation on citizenship to identify the causal effects of naturalization. Determination of the effects of naturalization is especially important in light of convergence of citizenship policies, i.e. easing naturalization in Germany and tightening it in France. In addition, offering faster access to citizenship is an a priori budget neutral policy, which is not the case for intervention programmes like training.In the third part, we focus on immigrant employment in the public sector. We examine why immigrants and even the second generation are underrepresented in these jobs. . We ask whether this is a consequence of discrimination in hiring. A particular structure of the hiring process of civil servants in France opens an opportunity to investigate immigrants performance in an anonymous written and a non-anonymous oral examination. The research proposed here is highly relevant to current policy debates in Germany and in France and will make a contribution to the empirical economic literature.