Economic Development and Environmental Changes in South Asia

南亚经济发展与环境变化

• 批准号: 10116103
• 负责人: YANAGISAWA Haruka
• 金额: $ 16.9万
• 依托单位: The University of Tokyo
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (A)
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1998 至 2000
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-10116103/
• 关键词: South Asia; Environment; Demography; Agriculture; Livestock; Deseases; Economic Development; Forest; 人口; 家畜; 病気; 都市

The project has aimed at clarifying ecological and environmental changes witnessed in the process of economic development in south Asia. The main findings are as follows :1. Our village-level field study in a Deccan district, India, reveals that farmers there have developed a sophisticated system of millet cultivation, which is well adapted to the local natural environment. The yield per acre of the cultivation is high enough to feed the dense population in the district.2. The area under forest in India decreased till 1980, but in the 80s and 90s the decrease almost stopped. In addition to such factors as the change in government forest policy and the expansion of farm forestry, the increase in non-agricultural employment in rural areas has contributed to the preservation of forest lands by weakening the expansion of cultivation into uncultivated lands.3. Both birth and mortality rate is lower in south India than in north Indian states. Out analysis of statistical data has established that this difference in demographic pattern was already witnessed at the end of the 19th century. The difference seems to have related to patterns of social structure and of ecological conditions.4. An attempt has been made to combine historical data obtained in archives and remote-sensing data. Ecological changes between 1760s and 1990s have been traced for a district in south India based on this method.5. As regards livestock economy, a strong connection between famines and livestock population has been found. The project also clarified the changes in breeding system and in the composition of livestock that have been caused by the Green Revolution in agriculture and the increasing use of tractors in this section.

该项目的目的是澄清南亚经济发展过程中所发生的生态和环境变化。主要研究结果如下：1。我们在印度德干地区的村级实地研究表明，那里的农民已经开发出一套复杂的谷子种植系统，该系统很好地适应了当地的自然环境。这种作物的亩产足够养活这个地区密集的人口。印度的森林面积在1980年之前一直在减少，但在80年代和90年代几乎停止了减少。除了政府森林政策的变化和农场林业的扩大等因素外，农村非农业就业的增加通过削弱耕地向荒地的扩张而有助于保护林地。印度南部各邦的出生率和死亡率都低于印度北部各邦。我们对统计数据的分析表明，这种人口结构上的差异在19世纪末就已经出现了。这种差异似乎与社会结构和生态条件的模式有关。尝试将档案中获得的历史资料与遥感资料相结合。根据这种方法，印度南部的一个地区在18世纪60年代到90年代之间的生态变化已经被追踪。关于畜牧业经济，已经发现饥荒和牲畜数量之间有很强的联系。该项目还阐明了由于农业绿色革命和拖拉机使用的增加而引起的养殖制度和牲畜组成的变化。