Neurobiological pathways underlying maladaptive behaviors in youth

几十年的研究已经强调了弱势社区环境的破坏性影响 关于后来的健康后果，包括青少年反社会行为(ASB)，如袭击、盗窃和 故意破坏公物。尽管现在很少有人会质疑邻里劣势的行为后遗症， 推动这些效应的机制(S)尚不清楚。将青年ASB与脑血管病变联系起来的研究 情感和认知控制相关神经区的功能、结构和连通性 代表着一种非常有希望的可能性，因为这些相同的神经过程似乎被 长期有压力的经历，包括不利因素。尽管潜在的影响相当大， 关于“生物嵌入劣势”作为ASB途径的结论仍然存在 不确定，因为我们还没有确定具体的神经机制 邻里劣势增加青年ASB或说明劣势如何改变这些 特殊的神经通路。当前的R01应用程序就是为了做到这一点。我们将首先确定 与青年ASB和邻居相关的神经调节控制架构(RCA) 劣势。然后，我们将利用我们独一无二的风险中的遗传信息本质， 纵向双生子研究阐明RCA的遗传和环境起源及其途径 在这种情况下，这些影响会同时或随着时间的推移被邻居的不利因素改变。 对于我们的最后一组分析，我们将探索特定的近端过程，通过哪些邻居 不利因素可能会影响神经RCA(即，毒物暴露和父母教养)。建议的研究是 因此，理想的定位不仅是识别通过哪个邻居的特定神经路径 不利影响青年的结果，也是有意义地评估邻里关系 不利影响发育中的大脑。这种基于遗传信息的发育神经科学 这种方法应该从根本上提高我们对两种神经通路的理解 青年ASB的出现，以及邻里劣势通过哪些机制 破坏了积极的发展。

Decades of research have highlighted the damaging effects of disadvantaged neighborhood contexts on later health outcomes, including youth antisocial behaviors (ASB) such as assault, theft, and vandalism. Although few would now contest the behavioral sequelae of neighborhood disadvantage, the mechanism(s) driving these effects are as yet unclear. Studies linking youth ASB to alterations in the function, structure, and connectivity of affect- and cognitive control-related neural regions represent a very promising possibility, since these same neural processes appear to be altered by chronically stressful experiences including disadvantage. Although potentially quite consequential, conclusions regarding the `biological embedding of disadvantage' as a pathway to ASB remain uncertain, as we have yet to either identify the specific neural mechanisms through which neighborhood disadvantage increases youth ASB or to illuminate how disadvantage alters these particular neural pathways. The current R01 application aims to do just this. We will first identify the neural regulatory control architecture (RCA) associated with both youth ASB and neighborhood disadvantage. We will then leverage the genetically-informed nature of our one-of-a-kind at-risk, longitudinal twin study to illuminate both the genetic and environmental origins of RCA and the ways in which these influences are altered by neighborhood disadvantage, both concurrently and over time. For our final set of analyses, we will explore specific proximal processes through which neighborhood disadvantage might affect neural RCA (i.e., toxicant exposure and parenting). The proposed study is thus ideally positioned to not only identify the specific neural pathways through which neighborhood disadvantage affects youth outcomes, but also to meaningfully evaluate how neighborhood disadvantage affects the developing brain. This genetically-informed developmental neuroscience approach should fundamentally advance our understanding of both the neural pathways leading to the emergence of youth ASB, and the mechanisms through which neighborhood disadvantage undermines positive development.