Gene-environment Interactions in Childhood Conduct Problems

项目摘要 著名学者提出理论认为，遗传影响的心理社会调节(简称为 基因-环境交互作用(GxE)是儿童行为的基本病因成分 问题(CP；攻击性和违规行为)。即便如此，只有为数不多的实证研究 到目前为止，我已经检查了这些过程。尽管这些开创性的研究提供了挑衅性的 在CP中支持GxE，还需要额外的工作来更充分地充实他们的角色。例如, 尽管在动物文献中有强有力的证据表明正常范围的父母养育方式是一种 到目前为止，大多数GxE研究都是遗传影响后代结局的有力调节者 重点关注极端环境病原体，如虐待儿童。因此，尽管他们是 很可能是重要的，我们对非虐待但仍功能失调的父母的作用知之甚少。 儿童关系在调节遗传对儿童CP影响中的作用。保护性关系在以下方面的作用 抑制儿童脑瘫的遗传影响也在很大程度上被忽视了，尽管它经常- 讨论了预防方面的影响。最后，很少有研究控制基因环境。 相关性(RGE)，或非随机暴露于特定环境体验，一个基本的 在GxE研究中感到困惑。例如，如果消极的人际关系在一定程度上源于 CP共有的基因，然后是遗传影响在高水平的环境风险中的放大 可能是RGE过程的反映，而不是真正的GxE。这项拟议的研究旨在 解决这些限制，将几个独特的元素结合在一起，将遗传和 跨多层次分析的儿童慢性阻塞性肺病潜在的心理社会机制。样品将会 由500对基于社区的同性双胞胎和他们的父母(S)组成，这一设计使我们能够 评估保护性亲子关系和危险亲子关系的调节作用。分析将 顺序结合数量和分子遗传GxE方法，以及控制 可能的RGE，从而克服了大多数特定于方法的限制和混乱。我们的 因此，调查结合了最先进的想法和方法来检查CP中的GxE，以及 因此，有可能极大地促进我们对儿童行为起源的理解 有问题。项目叙事 著名学者提出了基因-环境相互作用的理论(GxE；心理社会 遗传影响的调节)是儿童行为起源的一个基本组成部分 问题(CP；攻击性和违规行为)，尽管到目前为止我们对它们知之甚少。 本建议旨在全面探讨GxE在儿童CP中的作用，评估GxE的风险和 保护性亲子关系可能会激活或抑制遗传对儿童CP的影响。是这样的 研究结果最终应该为更有效的个性化干预提供信息 旨在改善儿童脑瘫。

PROJECT ABSTRACT Prominent scholars have theorized that psychosocial moderation of genetic influences (referred to as gene-environment interactions; GxE) represents a fundamental etiologic component in child conduct problems (CP; aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors). Even so, only a handful of empirical studies have examined these processes to date. Though these seminal studies have provided provocative support for GxE in CP, additional work is needed to more fully flesh out their role. For example, though there is strong evidence within the animal literature that normal-range parenting serves as a potent moderator of genetic influences on offspring outcomes, most GxE research to date has focused on extreme environmental pathogens such as child maltreatment. Thus, although they are likely to be important, we know very little about the role of non-abusive, but still dysfunctional, parent- child relationships in moderating genetic influences on child CP. The role of protective relationships in suppressing genetic influences for child CP has also been largely overlooked, despite its oft- discussed prevention implications. Finally, few studies have controlled for gene-environment correlations (rGE), or non-random exposure to particular environmental experiences, a fundamental confound in GxE research. For example, if negative interpersonal relationships stem in part from genes common to CP, then the potentiation of genetic influences at high levels of "environmental" risk could be a reflection of rGE processes, rather than true GxE. The proposed research seeks to address these limitations, bringing together several unique elements to integrate the genetic and psychosocial mechanisms underlying child CP across multiple levels of analysis. The sample will consist of 500 community-based, same-sex twin pairs and their parent(s), a design that enables us to evaluate the moderating roles of both protective and risky parent-child relationships. Analyses will sequentially combine both quantitative and molecular genetic GxE approaches, as well as control for possible rGE, thereby overcoming most methodology-specific limitations and confounds. Our investigation thus combines state-of-the-art ideas and methods to examine GxE in CP, and accordingly, has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of the origins of child conduct problems. PROJECT NARRATIVE Prominent scholars have theorized that gene-environment interactions (GxE; psychosocial moderation of genetic influences) represent a fundamental component of the origin of child conduct problems (CP; aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors), though we know little about them as of yet. This proposal intends to comprehensively explore GxE in child CP, evaluating how risky and protective parent-child relationships may activate or suppress genetic influences on child CP. Such findings should ultimately provide information for more effective individually-tailored interventions aimed at the amelioration of child CP.