Prevalence of community gun violence exposure and consequences for adolescent well-being: identifying sources of heterogeneity to disrupt the cycle of violence

项目摘要 社区暴力，定义为在公共场所实施的故意的人际暴力行为， 公认的创伤形式，不成比例地影响着有色人种的青年。过去的研究表明， 社区暴力，造成广泛的不利后果，增加了随后发生暴力的风险 参与。但文献中仍然存在一些空白。首先，很少有研究关注接触社区 涉及枪支的暴力其次，在小范围内， 自我报告的调查项目以外的其他来源提供的水平，这些项目提供了更广泛的不完整的情况， 枪支暴力经历和暴露的范围。第三，虽然人们普遍认为， 暴露于暴力的后果因个人、家庭、学校和邻里特征而异， 对这种效应异质性的研究很少，限制了我们对风险和保护因素的理解 赋予社区枪支暴力暴露的不同脆弱性或弹性，以及针对 防止随后的枪支暴力相关伤害的战略。为了弥补这些知识差距， 拟议的项目旨在估计青少年接触的人口流行率和后果， 社区枪支暴力，无论暴力是否亲身经历，并确定 可塑性风险和与其中的变化相关的保护因素。这项工作将使用独特的组合 关于青年及其家庭、学校和社区的全国性、基于概率的样本的纵向数据 从1998/2000年到2014/17年的脆弱家庭和儿童福利研究浪潮 （FFCWS）与致命枪支暴力的高分辨率时空信息在地理空间上相关联 枪支暴力档案（GVA）这些数据将允许第一个详细的，全国性的 青年人接触社区枪支暴力的代表性估计，以及更明确的 评估社区枪支暴力暴露对青少年社会情感的影响 在过去的研究中，健康和行为结果与随后的枪支暴力有关， 相关伤害。它们还将允许实施倾向评分匹配方法，以加强 通过解释一套全面的暴露前特征来进行因果推理，这些特征预测了年轻人的 在当地环境中经历致命枪支暴力事件的可能性。所有这些进步 将为识别个人、家庭、学校和社区的最终目标提供相当大的牵引力- 与社区枪支不利影响的脆弱性或复原力增加有关的水平因素 制定和实施预防暴力战略， 打破暴力循环的基础。本研究涉及资助下的研究目标一 选项A.

PROJECT ABSTRACT Community violence, defined as intentional, interpersonal acts of violence committed in public places, is a recognized form of trauma that disproportionately impacts youth of color. Past research has linked exposure to community violence with a wide range of adverse outcomes that elevate risk for subsequent violence involvement. But several gaps in the literature remain. First, few studies focus on exposure to community violence involving guns. Second, there is a critical dearth of fine-grained data on gun violence at the small-area level from other sources beyond self-reported survey items, which provide an incomplete picture of the broader spectrum of gun violence experiences and exposure. Third, although it is commonly hypothesized that the consequences of exposure to violence vary by individual, family, school, and neighborhood characteristics, past research on this type of effect heterogeneity is rare, limiting our understanding of the risk and protective factors that confer differential vulnerability or resilience to community gun violence exposure and the best ways to target strategies for preventing subsequent gun violence-related harm. To address these gaps in knowledge, the proposed project is designed to estimate the population prevalence and consequences of youths' exposure to community gun violence, regardless of whether the violence was experienced firsthand, and to identify the malleable risk and protective factors associated with variations therein. This work will use a unique combination of longitudinal data on a national, probability-based sample of youth and their families, schools, and neighborhoods from the 1998/2000 to 2014/17 waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) geospatially linked with highly resolved temporal and spatial information on deadly gun violence incidents from the Gun Violence Archive (GVA). These data will allow for the first detailed, nationally representative estimates of youths' exposure to community gun violence, as well as for a more definitive assessment of the impacts of community gun violence exposure on a wide range of youths' social-emotional health and behavioral outcomes that have been associated in past research with subsequent gun violence- related harm. They will also allow for the implementation of propensity score matching methods to strengthen causal inference by accounting for a comprehensive set of pre-exposure characteristics that predict youths' likelihood of experiencing an incident of deadly gun violence in their local environment. All of these advances will provide considerable traction on the final goal of identifying individual, familial, school, and neighborhood- level factors associated with increased vulnerability or resilience to the adverse impacts of community gun violence exposure on which the development and implementation of violence prevention strategies designed to disrupt the cycle of violence can be based. This research addresses Research Objective One under Funding Option A.