The Origins of Preadolescent Risk for Psychiatric Disorders in Early Childhood Brain Development

摘要 多年来，人们一直假设，大多数精神障碍是异常的结果 儿童早期大脑发育的轨迹和NIMH的主要优先事项是更好地 了解儿童精神障碍的风险是如何展开的，从而为早期干预提供信息 预防或减轻风险和疾病严重性的战略。北卡罗来纳大学早期脑发育 研究是一项纵向研究，跟踪调查产前登记的儿童，进行成像和 出生时、1岁、2岁、4岁和6岁时的发育评估。这群人中的孩子 现在正处于青春期前，这是一个认知和行为异常的时期 与精神疾病相关的，包括执行功能、注意力和焦虑，是 正在浮现。目前对脑结构和脑功能之间的关系知之甚少。 青春期前的发育和风险表型；这代表着我们的一个主要差距 知识和对学习的迫切需要。 我们计划在8岁和10岁的纵向队列中跟踪调查446名儿童。 将进行磁共振成像，包括结构、扩散张量和静息状态功能成像。 将评估认知发展和行为发展，重点是 执行功能、注意力和焦虑的表型，与RDoC结构和 对精神障碍风险很重要。在这项研究中获得的知识将提高我们的基础 了解人类在童年时期的大脑发育，让我们描绘童年 儿童后期风险表型的预测因子，并最终帮助确定儿童时期的目标 早期干预的发展。 相关性 在这项研究中获得的新知识将提供一个显著改进的框架 了解儿童大脑发育及其与认知和行为的关系 儿童晚期的预后，以及随后的精神障碍的风险。

Abstract It has been hypothesized for years that most psychiatric disorders are the result of abnormal trajectories of early childhood brain development and a major priority for NIMH is to better understand how risk for psychiatric disorders unfold in childhood, to inform early intervention strategies that prevent or mitigate risk and illness severity. The UNC Early Brain Development Study is a longitudinal study that has followed children, enrolled prenatally, with imaging and developmental assessments at birth and at ages 1, 2 4, and 6 years. Children from this cohort are now reaching pre-adolescence, a period in which cognitive and behavioral abnormalities associated with psychiatric disease, including executive function, attention, and anxiety, are emerging. Very little is currently known about the relationship between brain structure and development and risk phenotypes in pre-adolescence; this represents is a major gap in our knowledge and a critical need for study. We propose to follow 446 children in our longitudinal cohort at ages 8 and 10 years of age. MRIs, including structural, diffusion tensor, and resting state functional imaging, will be performed. Cognitive development and behavioral development will be assessed, with a focus on the phenotypes of executive function, attention, and anxiety, consistent with RDoC constructs and important for psychiatric disorder risk. Knowledge gained in this study will improve our basic understanding of human brain development in childhood, allow us to delineate childhood predictors of risk phenotypes in late childhood, and ultimately help target periods of childhood development for early intervention. Relevance New knowledge gained in this study will provide a dramatically improved framework for understanding childhood brain development and its relationship to cognitive and behavioral outcomes in late childhood, and to risk for subsequent psychiatric disorders.