The Development of Individual Differences in Adolescent Brain Structure and Risk

摘要 大脑结构的个体差异，包括皮质形态和白质 连接体与精神疾病的风险有关。生命的第一年是一段 快速和动态的结构和功能脑发育和来自我们队列的新数据 这表明10岁和12岁儿童大脑结构的很大一部分个体差异是 已经存在于生命的第一年或两年。青春期早期和青春期是第二个主要阶段 出生后脑发育时期，以动态的结构和功能脑为特征 成熟和重组，以及新出现的精神障碍风险，尽管尚不清楚 这一发育阶段是如何导致大脑结构和风险的个体差异的。 北卡罗来纳大学早期大脑发育研究是一项独特的、创新的纵向研究，它具有 跟踪儿童，在出生时进行产前登记，进行成像和认知/行为评估， 1年、2年、4年、6年、8年和10年。这一群体中的482名儿童现在正处于青春期，我们 建议在12岁、14岁和16岁时跟踪这些儿童。磁共振成像，包括结构、扩散 张量和静息状态功能成像将被执行。认知和行为 将评估发展，重点放在执行功能、注意力、 焦虑，与RDoC一致，构成了精神障碍风险的重要因素。我们会 确定青春期大脑发育对个体差异的影响 儿童早期发育和白质连接体是否是有用的早期成像 生物标志物。在这项研究中获得的知识将提高我们对人脑的基本理解 发展，并最终提供早期干预战略，以预防或减轻风险和 病情严重程度。 相关性 在这项研究中获得的新知识将提供一个显著改进的框架 了解儿童大脑发育及其与认知和行为的关系 对青春期的结果，以及随后的精神障碍的风险。

Abstract Individual differences in brain structure, including cortical morphology and the white matter connectome are associated with risk for psychiatric disorders. The first year of life is a period of rapid and dynamic structural and functional brain development and new data from our cohort suggests that a large portion of individual differences in brain structure in 10 and 12 year olds is already present in the first year or two of life. Early adolescence and puberty is the second major period of postnatal brain development, characterized by dynamic structural and functional brain maturation and reorganization, and emerging risk for psychiatric disorders, though it is not known how this period of development contributes to individual differences in brain structure and risk. The UNC Early Brain Development Study is a unique and innovative longitudinal study that has followed children, enrolled prenatally, with imaging and cognitive/behavioral assessments at birth, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 years. 482 children from this cohort are now reaching adolescence, and we propose to follow these children at 12, 14 and 16 years of age. MRIs, including structural, diffusion tensor, and resting state functional imaging, will be performed. Cognitive and behavioral development will be assessed, with a focus on the phenotypes of executive function, attention, and anxiety, consistent with RDoC constructs important for psychiatric disorder risk. We will determine how adolescent brain development contributes to individual differences in relation to early childhood development and whether the white matter connectome is a useful early imaging biomarker. Knowledge gained in this study will improve our basic understanding of human brain development, and ultimately inform early intervention strategies that prevent or mitigate risk and illness severity. Relevance New knowledge gained in this study will provide a dramatically improved framework for understanding childhood brain development and its relationship to cognitive and behavioral outcomes in adolescence, and to risk for subsequent psychiatric disorders.