The Development of Individual Differences in Adolescent Brain Structure and Risk

摘要 大脑结构的个体差异，包括皮质形态和白色物质 连接体与精神疾病的风险有关。生命的第一年是 快速和动态的大脑结构和功能发育以及来自我们队列的新数据 这表明，10岁和12岁奥尔兹大脑结构的很大一部分个体差异是由于 在生命的头一两年就已经存在了。青春期早期和青春期是第二大 出生后的大脑发育时期，以大脑的动态结构和功能为特征 成熟和重组，以及出现精神疾病的风险，尽管尚不清楚 这一发展阶段如何影响大脑结构和风险的个体差异。 早期大脑发育研究是一项独特而创新的纵向研究， 对产前登记的儿童进行随访，在出生时进行成像和认知/行为评估， 1、2、4、6、8和10年。482名来自这一队列的儿童现在进入青春期，我们 建议在这些儿童12岁、14岁和16岁时对其进行跟踪。MRI，包括结构、扩散 张量和静息状态功能成像。认知和行为 将评估发育，重点是执行功能，注意力， 和焦虑，这与RDoC对精神障碍风险的重要性结构一致。我们将 确定青少年大脑发育如何有助于个体差异， 儿童早期发育和白色物质连接体是否是有用的早期成像 生物标记物。这项研究获得的知识将提高我们对人脑的基本认识 发展，并最终为预防或减轻风险的早期干预战略提供信息， 疾病严重性。 相关性 这项研究中获得的新知识将为以下方面提供一个大大改进的框架： 了解儿童大脑发育及其与认知和行为的关系 青春期的结果，以及随后精神疾病的风险。

Abstract Individual differences in brain structure, including cortical morphology and the white matter connectome are associated with risk for psychiatric disorders. The first year of life is a period of rapid and dynamic structural and functional brain development and new data from our cohort suggests that a large portion of individual differences in brain structure in 10 and 12 year olds is already present in the first year or two of life. Early adolescence and puberty is the second major period of postnatal brain development, characterized by dynamic structural and functional brain maturation and reorganization, and emerging risk for psychiatric disorders, though it is not known how this period of development contributes to individual differences in brain structure and risk. The UNC Early Brain Development Study is a unique and innovative longitudinal study that has followed children, enrolled prenatally, with imaging and cognitive/behavioral assessments at birth, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 years. 482 children from this cohort are now reaching adolescence, and we propose to follow these children at 12, 14 and 16 years of age. MRIs, including structural, diffusion tensor, and resting state functional imaging, will be performed. Cognitive and behavioral development will be assessed, with a focus on the phenotypes of executive function, attention, and anxiety, consistent with RDoC constructs important for psychiatric disorder risk. We will determine how adolescent brain development contributes to individual differences in relation to early childhood development and whether the white matter connectome is a useful early imaging biomarker. Knowledge gained in this study will improve our basic understanding of human brain development, and ultimately inform early intervention strategies that prevent or mitigate risk and illness severity. Relevance New knowledge gained in this study will provide a dramatically improved framework for understanding childhood brain development and its relationship to cognitive and behavioral outcomes in adolescence, and to risk for subsequent psychiatric disorders.