Technology Use and Emerging Executive Functioning in Early Childhood

摘要 美国家庭对移动和交互技术的快速采用已经超过了对他们的研究 对儿童发展和健康的潜在影响。以前对电视(TV)和旧形式的电视的研究 媒体依赖于父母对全局结构的回忆，比如可能不是完整的 现在父母和孩子使用移动和交互设备的家庭媒体 全天以断断续续的按需方式。正如2018年NICHD科学研讨会所强调的那样 媒体曝光和儿童早期发展，移动媒体和互动媒体的设计承受能力不同 从几个重要的方面来看，值得用新的科学范例来描述儿童和 家庭使用媒体。拟议的项目将通过测试一个概念性的 由人机交互提供信息的框架，检查父母和孩子使用移动媒体的方式 影响儿童执行功能(EF)的发展。我们将研究这些机制。 联系，包括亲子互动质量和建立生态系统活动频率的变化； 并测试影响是否受到儿童性别和家庭心理社会压力的影响。拟议的研究 包括2项研究。研究1包括对40名来自不同背景的父母的半结构化访谈，以 探索父母对有问题的设计负担的概念化，并为我们的研究2，a 对400个父母和学步的孩子进行的纵向队列研究，从2岁到4岁，每年在每个家庭进行跟踪调查 访问期间，我们将通过调查、移动抽样和应用程序设计编码以及标准化来评估媒体使用情况 对儿童执行功能(EF)和亲子互动的视频评估。在具体目标1中， 我们将使用结构方程模型来检验亲本之间的双向、纵向关联 移动媒体使用(持续时间、频率和有问题的设计承受能力)和儿童EF，这两项测试都是直接 亲子互动的质量和建立生态系统活动的频率的途径和中介。具体而言 目标2，我们将检查儿童移动媒体(用于监管)之间的双向纵向关联 目的、持续时间和有问题的设计承受能力)和EF，测试直接路径和中介 根据亲子互动的质量和建立生态系统活动的频率。最后，我们将检查孩子是如何 性压力和社会心理压力在父母和孩子的媒体使用和EF之间起到了调节作用。我们的 调查结果将有助于数字媒体准则以及数字媒体准则所基于的证据基础 设计能够反映有年幼子女的家庭需要的方法。另外，我们对模特的关注 双向关联，并在上下文中清楚地表达单个孩子、父母和设计负担因素 早期EF的发展将为发展提供精确的行为干预和 对人口层面的数字设计和政策提出建议。

ABSTRACT The rapid adoption of mobile and interactive technologies by American families has outpaced research on their potential effects on child development and health. Much prior research on television (TV) and older forms of media relied upon parent recall of global constructs such as “screen time,” which may not be a complete representation of family media use now that parents and children use mobile and interactive devices in an intermittent, on-demand manner throughout the day. As highlighted at the 2018 NICHD scientific workshop on Media Exposure and Early Child Development, the design affordances of mobile and interactive media differ from TV in several important ways, and deserve novel scientific paradigms to describe how children and families use media. The proposed project will fill these gaps in scientific knowledge by testing a conceptual framework informed by human-computer interaction that examines how parent and child mobile media use influence the development of child executive functioning (EF). We will examine mechanisms of these associations, including changes in quality of parent-child interaction and frequency of EF-building activities, and test whether effects are moderated by child sex and family psychosocial stress. The proposed research comprises 2 studies. Study 1 involves semi-structured interviews with 40 parents from diverse backgrounds, to explore parents’ conceptualizations of problematic design affordances and inform our measures for Study 2, a longitudinal cohort study of 400 parent-toddler dyads followed yearly from age 2 to age 4. At each yearly home visit, we will assess media use via surveys, mobile sampling, and app design coding, as well as standardized video-recorded assessments of child executive functioning (EF) and parent-child interaction. In specific aim 1, we will use structural equation models to examine bidirectional, longitudinal associations between parent mobile media use (duration, frequency, and problematic design affordances) and child EF, testing both direct pathways and mediation by quality of parent-child interaction and frequency of EF-building activities. In specific aim 2, we will examine bidirectional longitudinal associations between child mobile media (use for regulatory purposes, duration, and problematic design affordances) and EF, testing both direct pathways and mediation by quality of parent-child interaction and frequency of EF-building activities. Finally, we will examine how child sex and psychosocial stressors moderate associations between parent and child media use and EF. Our findings will contribute to the evidence base upon which digital media guidelines are based, as well as digital design approaches that reflect the needs of families with young children. In addition, our attention to modeling bidirectional associations and articulating individual child, parent, and design affordance factors in the context of early EF development will inform development of both precise behavioral interventions and recommendations for population-level digital design and policy.